chapter 11 cardiovascular system

Question 1

what is the average BPM for a healthy adult?

Answer 1

75 BPM

Question 2

arteries =

Answer 2

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Question 3

veins =

Answer 3

vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Question 4

great vessels =

Answer 4

arteries and veins entering and exiting the heart

Question 5

the heart has 2 side by side pumps in it. where does each one direct blood?

Answer 5

right side = directs blood to the lungs to oxygenate the blood

left side = directs blood to body tissues to transport:

1) respiratory gases
2) nutrients
3) hormones
4) waste

Question 6

blood pressure =

Answer 6

the force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of the blood vessels

Question 7

how does the heart generate BP?

Answer 7

by alternating cycles of contraction and relaxation

Question 8

pulmonary circulation =

Answer 8

pumps deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and then returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Question 9

systemic circulation =

Answer 9

pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and transports respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste to and from tissues of the body. then deoxygenated blood is returned to the right atrium

Question 10

pericardium =

Answer 10

tough sac that encloses the heart

Question 11

pericardium function =

Answer 11

to restrict movement of the heart in the thorax

Question 12

what 2 parts is the pericardium composed of?

Answer 12

1) fibrous pericardium
2) serous pericardium

Question 13

what is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 13

tough outter sac

Question 14

what is the serous pericardium?

Answer 14

serous membrane composed of visceral and parietal layers

Question 15

where is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 15

thin space between the two layers of serous pericardium that contains serous fluid

Question 16

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?

Answer 16

1) epicardium
2) myocardium
3) endocardium

Question 17

epicardium =

Answer 17

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 18

myocardium =

Answer 18

cardiac muscle (thickest of the 3 layers)

Question 19

endocardium =

Answer 19

internal surface of the heart chambers

Question 20

which chambers in the heart are the smaller chambers?

Answer 20

the 2 atria

Question 21

what does the anterior part of each atrium form?

Answer 21

an auricle

Question 22

what is the flow of blood through the heart?

Answer 22

right atrium___right ventricle___lungs___left atrium___left ventricle___body tissues___right atrium

Question 23

what sides of the heart are responsible for what circulatory systems?

Answer 23

right side = pulmonary

left side = systemic

Question 24

coronary sulcus =

Answer 24

the groove separating the atria and ventricles

Question 25

where is the anterior interventricular sulcus located? where is the posterior interventricular sulcus located?

Answer 25

anterior interventricular sulcus = between ventricles on the anterior side of the heart posterior interventricular sulcus = between ventricles on the posterior side of the heart

Question 26

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 26

right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle

Question 27

what are the two atrioventricular valves and their locations?

Answer 27

tricuspid valve (between the right atrium and right ventricle) bicuspid/mitral valve (between the left atrium and the left ventricle)

Question 28

what are the 2 semilunar valves and their locations?

Answer 28

pulmonary semilunar valve (between right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk) aortic semilunar valve (between left ventricle and aorta)

Question 29

closure of which valves cause the first heart sound "lubb"?

Answer 29

the atrioventricular valves

Question 30

closure of what valves causes the second heart sound "dupp"?

Answer 30

the semilunar valves

Question 31

how many flaps does the pulmonary semilunar valve have?

Answer 31

3

Question 32

what is the physical difference between the right and left ventricular walls?

Answer 32

the left ventricular wall is about 3 times thicker than the right

Question 33

how are oxygen and nutrients dilivered to the heart muscle?

Answer 33

coronary arteries

Question 34

how do cardiac muscle fibers contract as a single unit?

Answer 34

the intercalated disks between muscle cells contain gap junctions which allow electrical impulses to be distributed immediately and spontaneously throughout the myocardium

Question 35

sinoatrial node (S/A Node) =

Answer 35

the hearts pacemaker electrical impulses of the heart begin here

Question 36

where is the sinoatrial node (S/A Node) located?

Answer 36

on the posterior wall of the right atrium

Question 37

electrical impulse travels from the sinoatrial node to where?

Answer 37

from the SA node to the atrioventricular node and to the left atrium via gap junctions

Question 38

where is the atrioventricular node located?

Answer 38

the floor of the right atrium

Question 39

cardiac cycle =

Answer 39

time from the start of one heartbeat to the start of the next (includes both contraction and relaxation)

Question 40

systole=

Answer 40

contraction of a heart chamber

Question 41

diastole =

Answer 41

relaxation of a heart chamber

Question 42

systolic / diastolic millimeters of murcury =

Answer 42

blood pressure screening

Question 43

BP of a healthy adult?

Answer 43

120/80 mm H/G or below

Question 44

CO =

Answer 44

cardiac output

Question 45

cardiac output =

Answer 45

the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in 1 minute

Question 46

SV =

Answer 46

stroke volume

Question 47

stroke volume =

Answer 47

volume of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one contraction

Question 48

how much blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat?

Answer 48

about 70ML

Question 49

what 3 factors modify heartrate?

Answer 49

1) neural controls (ANS) 2) hormones and ions 3) physical factors

Question 50

which branches of the nervous system affect the heart and how is it affected by each branch?

Answer 50

1) sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate 2) parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate

Question 51

how do ions affect HR?

Answer 51

excess or lack of calcium, sodium, or potassium ions can modify HR

Question 52

of arteries and veins, which have thicker walls?

Answer 52

arteries have thicker walls

Question 53

what are the 3 layers of the walls of veins and arteries? (superficial to deep)

Answer 53

1) tunica externa 2) tunica media 3) tunica intima

Question 54

blood flow through the different types of arteries and veins =

Answer 54

elastic arteries\_\_\_muscular arteries\_\_\_arterioles\_\_\_capillaries\_\_\_venules\_\_\_small to medium sized veins\_\_\_large veins

Question 55

which types of blood vessels have valves?

Answer 55

veins

Question 56

what are the 3 different types of arteries? (largest to smallest)

Answer 56

1) elastic arteries 2) muscluar arteries 3) arterioles

Question 57

which arteries contain elastic fibers?

Answer 57

elastic arteries and muscular arteries

Question 58

what do elastic fibers allow arteries to do?

Answer 58

allows them to stretch when the heart pumps blood through them

Question 59

what are the 2 layers of elastic fiber in muscular arteries?

Answer 59

2 concentric rings: 1) internal elastic lamina 2) external elastic lamina

Question 60

where is the internal elastic lamina? | (muscular arteries)

Answer 60

between tunica intima and tunica media

Question 61

where is the external elastic lamina? | (muscular arteries)

Answer 61

between the tunica media and tunica externa

Question 62

most names arteries are which type of arteries?

Answer 62

muscular arteries

Question 63

how many layers of smooth muscle cells are in the tunica media of arterioles?

Answer 63

less than 6 layers of smooth muscle cells

Question 64

what causes vasoconstriction of tunica muscle fibers of arterioles? what does the vasoconstriction cause?

Answer 64

sympathetic innervation vasoconstriction elevates blood pressure upstream and reduces flow to downstream capillaries

Question 65

what is the diameter of capillaries?

Answer 65

theyre slightly larger than erythrocytes (smallest blood vessels)

Question 66

most capillary walls consist of only what?

Answer 66

only tunica intima(single layer of endothelial cells) and a basement membrane

Question 67

what is the function of blood capillaries?

Answer 67

allow metabolic exchange between blood and tissue

Question 68

what feeds capillary beds?

Answer 68

metarterioles

Question 69

what is a precapillary sphincter and where are they located?

Answer 69

smooth muscle around a capillary that controls blood flow theyre located at the origin of each true capillary

Question 70

what are the 3 different types of blood capillaries?

Answer 70

1) continuous 2) fenestrated 3) sinusoids

Question 71

capillaries where endothelial cells form a complete lining aided by tight junctions =

Answer 71

continuous capillaries

Question 72

capillaries where endothelial cells contain pores that allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid =

Answer 72

fenestrated capillaries

Question 73

capillaries that have large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous/absent basement membrane which allows transport of large molecules and cells from blood =

Answer 73

sinusoids

Question 74

how much of the bodies blood is held in veins at rest?

Answer 74

about 60%

Question 75

venules merge to form what?

Answer 75

veins

Question 76

smaller and medium sized veins travel with what other vessels?

Answer 76

muscular arteries

Question 77

large veins travel with what other vessels?

Answer 77

elastic arteries

Question 78

what is the skeletal muscle pump?

Answer 78

muscles bulge as they contract and push on veins, helping move more blood to the heart

Question 79

why do veins have valves?

Answer 79

to prevent pooling and allow flow in only one direction

Question 80

what are the 2 venous pumps that assist in getting blood back to the heart?

Answer 80

1) skeletal muscle pump 2) respiratory pump

Question 81

atherosclerosis stage 1 =

Answer 81

1) excess LDL enter arterial wall and become oxidized 2) WBCs eat LDL molecules and form foam cells

Question 82

atherosclerosis stage 2 =

Answer 82

1) fibrous cap forms over lipid core 2) becomes calcified and hardens arteries

Question 83

atherosclerosis stage 3 =

Answer 83

plaque ruptures and blood clott forms