Chapter 10

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

1) immediate, specific negative or positive responses to an environment or internal thoughts
2) three parts
physiological processes
behavioral response
cognitive appraisal

Question 2

feelings

Answer 2

subjective experiences of emotions

Question 3

moods

Answer 3

1) diffuse, long lasting emotional states with no identifiable object or trigger

Question 4

Circumplex Model of Emotion

Answer 4

1) Emotions are an interaction of valance (pos vs neg) and arousal.
Positive valence=good feelings (contented, elated)
negative valence=bad feelings (anxious, depressed)
high arousal= lots of brain activity (anxious, elated)
low arousal =less activity (contended, depressed)

Question 5

The Limbic System and Emotion

Answer 5

1) the insula–interprets and integrates somatosensory information from the entire body
2) the amygdala–processes emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate reactions, helps us interpret social stimuli (activated by emotive faces) (strong for fear)
3) 1 and 2 critical for emotional learning
fear conditioning
improves long-term memory
4) Pathways to amygdala —slow (Information intially analyzed by the thalamus) and fast (visual information immediately analyzed by thalamus)

Question 6

James-Lange theory of Emotion

Answer 6

1) interpretation of physical changes leads to emotional reactions
2) stimulus–physical reaction–emotion
3) facial feedback hypothesis (implication) making a ceratin facial expression can lead to subjective experience associated with that expression (i.e. smiling–happiness)

Question 7

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 7

1) Mind and Body experience emotions independently

2) stimulus leads to emotion and physical reaction simultaneously

Question 8

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotion

Answer 8

1) We interpret emotions based on how we label the situation

2) stimulus–arousal–label–emotion

Question 9

Misattribution of Arousal

Answer 9

1) identifying the wrong thing as the source of an emotive response
2) excitation transfer–residual arousal caused by one stimulus is transferred to another

Question 10

Emotions and Decision Making

Answer 10

1) Emotions are heuristics 
picture future self
quick vs careful thinking
somatic markers
2) Affect-as-information Theory--using current moods and emotions to make decisions

Question 11

somatic markers

Answer 11

1) bodily reactions that arise from analyzing the consequences of a situation (expectation influenced by experience)
2) patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex are often insensitive to somatic markers

Question 12

Expressing Emotion

Answer 12

1) facial expressions
2) tone of voice and gestures
3) mostly universal

Question 13

Display Rules

Answer 13

1) rules learned through socialization that dictate when behavior is appropriate
2) may explain some stereotypes

Question 14

Emotions and interpersonal relations

Answer 14

1) can strengthen/maintain social bonds
guilt–discourages bad behavior, encourages good behavior, manipulates others
Embarrassment–helps with awkwardness, non verbal apology

Question 15

Motivation

Answer 15

1) a process that energizes, drives, and maintains behavior toward a goal
2) energize–activate behavior
3) drive–guide behavior
4) persist maintain behavior

Question 16

Needs

Answer 16

1) state of deficiency (biological or social)

Question 17

Drive

Answer 17

1) a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need
2) Homeostasis–tendency for bodily functions to maintain an equilibrium/set point

Question 18

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 18

1) performance increases with arousal up to a certain point after which it decreases

Question 19

Incentives

Answer 19

1) external objects or goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behavior
2) extrinsic–designated to a reward or external goal
3) intrinsic–value or pleasure from an activity motivates behavior

Question 20

Self-determination Theory of Motivation

Answer 20

1) people are motivated to satisfy needs of competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy
2) extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic value by reducing feeling of self-determination

Question 21

Self-perception theory of motivation

Answer 21

1) people draw inferences from their motives according to what seems to make the most sense

Question 22

Freud’s Pleasure Principle

Answer 22

1) people seek pleasure and avoid pain

Question 23

Achieving Goals

Answer 23

1) Achievement motive–is the desire to do well relative to standards of excellence
2) Self-efficacy–the expectation that your efforts will lead to success
3) Self-regulation of behavior–changing behavior to better reach goals

Question 24

Need to Belong Theory

Answer 24

1) the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes.

Question 25

Hunger

Answer 25

1) the desire to consume more food in order to restore homeostasis 2) hypothalamus most influences eating (organizes behavior and integrates information)

Question 26

Glucostatic Theory of Hunger

Answer 26

1) Low glucose---hungry | 2) high glucose---not hungry

Question 27

Lipostatic Theory of hunger

Answer 27

1) set point for body fat | 2) problematic for weight loss

Question 28

Hormones and Eating

Answer 28

1) Grehlin (stomach) "hunger horomone" as body weight decreases more is produces, ghastly grehlin make syou growl 2) Leptin (Fat cells) long term body fat regulation, problems if missing, lovely leptin leaves you full

Question 29

Influences on Eating

Answer 29

1) Classical conditioning (time of day, sight, smell, release of hormones to prepare for digestion (lowers glucose) 2) flavor (variety makes us eat more) sensory specific satiety--too much of one food causes a loss in appetite for that food 3) culture 4) familiarity