Chapter 14

Question 1

psychopathology

Answer 1

1) refers to sickness or disorder of the mind
2) Etiology–factors that contribute to the development of a disorder
3) symptomology–cluster of symptoms that occur with a disorder

Question 2

Classifying psychological disorders

Answer 2

1) classified into categories through etiology or symptomology
2) Emil Kraepelin 1800s identified disorder based on symptoms (symptomology)
Dementia Praecox (schizophrenia)
Manic depression (bipolar)
3) DSM (diagnostic manual of mental disorders)
symptomology and specific criteria for diagnosis
categorical instead of dimensional, comorbidity (overlap between disorders)

Question 3

Assessment

Answer 3

1) process of examining a person’s mental functions and psychological health with main goals of diagnosis and treatment

Question 4

Diathesis Stress Model

Answer 4

1) diathesis–genetic disposition and childhood trauma lead to vulnerability to mental disorder. low stress produces low probability of developing disorder, high stress= high probability of developing mental disorder

Question 5

Biological factors to mental illness

Answer 5

1) focus on how physiological factors contribute to psychological disorders (genetics, prenatal development, exposure to toxins during dvlpmnt)
2) may affect CNS

Question 6

Environmental factors to mental illness

Answer 6

1) family systems model–social/family context
2) sociocultural model–cultural expectation and differences in lifestyles
3) cultural syndromes–mental disorders unique to a certain culture

Question 7

internalizing vs externalizing disorders

Answer 7

1) internalizing—characterized by negative thought/feeling

2) externalizing–characterized by disinhibition, negative behaviors

Question 8

Anxiety disorders

Answer 8

1) characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of real danger
2) general anxiety disorder (GAD)
3) phobias
4) panic disorder
5) obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
6) PTSD

Question 9

General Anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 9

1) marked by constant anxiety and pathological worrying

2) constantly tense, unrelenting vigilance can result in a variety of health problems

Question 10

Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 10

1) intense fear of being evaluated negatively by others

Question 11

Mood/affective disorders

Answer 11

1) depressive disorders–characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness
2) bipolar disorders–characterized by radical fluctuations in mood

Question 12

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 12

1) disorder caused by severe negative moods or lack of interest in normal pleasurable activities

Question 13

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 13

1) same but less severe as/than MDD

2) typical duration of 5-10 years

Question 14

Biological components of depression

Answer 14

1) concordance rate between identical and fraternal twins
2) may involve one or more monamines
3) differential functioning of central neural systems (left prefrontal cortex)
4) biological rhythms, seasonal affective disorder

Question 15

Situational components of depression

Answer 15

1) major life stressors
interpersonal loss
multiple negative events
2) relationships can combat depression but can also fall victim to it

Question 16

Cognitive components of depression

Answer 16

1) Beck’s cognitive triad–negative thoughts about the self, future, situation
2) self-blame vs luck
3) learned helplessness

Question 17

bipolar disorders/manic depression

Answer 17

1) characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
2) bipolar I disorder
3) bipolar II disorder (less severe)
4) genetics play huge role–family history strongest predictor, 70% concordance rate among identical twins, worsens with generations

Question 18

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 18

1) involve disruptions of memory, identity, and conscious awareness
2) dissociative amnesia–forgetting that an event happened or losing awareness of a substantial amount of time
3) dissociative fugue–disorder that involves loss of identity
4) dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality disorder–occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within one individual

Question 19

personality disorders

Answer 19

1) maladaptive ways of relating to the world that are enduring and cause problems in work and social environments

Question 20

borderline personality disorder

Answer 20

1) characterized by disturbances in identity, affect, and impulse control
2) strong environmental influence w/ trauma

Question 21

schizophrenia

Answer 21

psychotic disorder involving alterations in thoughts, perceptions, or consciousness, motor, cognitive, behavioral, perceptual abnormalities/positive symptoms (normal in access)/ delusions/ hallucinations/ disorganized speech/ disorganized behavior, negative symptoms

Question 22

Anti-social Personality Disorder

Answer 22

1) characterized by lack of empathy and remorse
2) behave in socially/legally undesirable ways
3) smaller amygdala, lower levels of arousal result in sensation seeking behavior

Question 23

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 23

1) a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests
2) Asperger’s syndrome–normal intelligence, but defecits in social interaction
3) more prevalent in boys
4) core symptoms: seemingly unaware of others, defecits in verbal and nonverbal communication, restricted activities and interests
5) primarily a genetic disorder–90% concordance rate among id twins

Question 24

ADHD

Answer 24

1) disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness
2) more boys than girls
3) do not outgrow