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PSC 001 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Systematic

A

Procedures follow orderly steps that are carefully planned

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2
Q

What do psychologists study?

A

Psychologists study the what, when, and why of behavior and mental processes.

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3
Q

Theory

A

An explanation of model of how a phenomenon works

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific, testable prediction about the outcome that would best support the theory

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5
Q

Research

A

The systematic and careful collection of data

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6
Q

What is the order of the scientific method?

A

Theory to Hypothesis to Research to either supporting the theory or refuting or failing to support the theory

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7
Q

Why does a good theory produce?

A

A wide variety of testable hypotheses

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8
Q

Piaget’s theory of child development

A

States that cognitive development occurs in a fixed series of stages

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9
Q

Freud’s theory on dreams

A

All dreams represent the fulfillment of an unconscious wish

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10
Q

Variable

A

Something in the world that can baddy and that the researcher can measure

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11
Q

Operational Definition

A

Identifying and quantifying variables so they can be measured

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12
Q

Population

A

Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in

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13
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the population you test

Your sample should be representative of the population (match them on important characteristics)

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14
Q

What are the three types of study designs?

A

Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental

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15
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

Involve observing and classifying behavior
Sometimes called observational studies
Naturalistic Observation
Participant observation

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16
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Passive observation

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17
Q

Participant observation

A

Active involvement

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18
Q

Case Studies (Method 1)

A

Intensive examination of unusual people or organizations

Problems with case studies: case studies are subjective and have a small sample size

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19
Q

Method 2: Observation

A

Observational techniques: systematic assessment and coding of overt behavior

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20
Q

Reactivity

A

The presence of the observer alters the behavior of those being observed

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21
Q

Self report methods

A

Questionnaires or surveys are used to gather data from a large number of people in a short time for a low cost

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22
Q

Self-Report Bias

A

Difficult to discern true and honest responses are

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23
Q

Socially desirable responding/faking good

A

Participant responds in a way that is most socially acceptable

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24
Q

Better than average effect

A

People tend to describe themselves in positives ways that are not necessarily true

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25
Correlational Studies
Examine how variables are naturally related in the real world Researchers do not attempt to alter the variables Researchers cannot draw casual conclusions from correlational studies
26
Direction of Correlational
Either Positive, Negative, or random
27
Directionality Problem
Researchers find a relationship between two variables but cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable
28
Third Variable Problem
Researchers cannot be confident that an unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest
29
Why Correlational design?
Practical reasons Ethical concerns By establishing correlations between variables, researchers are able to make predictions
30
Experiment
Researchers manipulates one variable to examine its effect on a sec
31
Independent Variable
Variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
32
Dependent variable
Variable that is affected by or related to the independent variable. It is generally the outcome of effect variable
33
Experimental group
Treatment groups that receive the intervention
34
Control group
A comparison group that does not receive the intervention (or received one not related to the independent variable)
35
Confound
Anything other than the independent variable that affects the dependent variable
36
Random Sampling
Every person in the population has an equal chance of being selected; most researchers use convenience sampling
37
Random assignment
Each research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable
38
Convenience sample
Taken at random from an available subgroup of the population (students at your school)
39
Selection Bias
Groups are not equivalent because participants in different groups differ in unexpected ways that affect the dependent variable
40
Scientific Inquiry
Utilizes the scientific method More objective than casual observations Systematic:procedures follow orderly steps that are carefully planned Free from bias
41
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
Review all proposed research to ensure that it meets scientific and ethical standards
42
Risk/benefit ratio
Is the benefit really worth the risk
43
Informed consent
Participants have the right to know what will happen to them and must be given all the relevant information about the study
44
Construct validity
Do the variables measure what they are supposed to?
45
External validity
Can the findings be generalized outside the laboratory?
46
Internal validity
Are the effects due to the experimental manipulations
47
Reliability
Do the data collected vary substantially over time?
48
Accuracy
Is the measure from which the data are derived error free?
49
Random error
Amount of error introduced into each measurement differed each time
50
Systematic error
Amount of error introduced into each measurement is constant
51
Descriptive statistics
Provide summary of the data
52
Central tendency
Describes a typical response Mean, Median, Mode
53
Negatively skewed
Mean is less than median and mode
54
Normal
Mean median and mode are all the same
55
Positively skewed
Mean is greater than median and mode
56
Variability
Describes how widely dispersed the values are about the mean
57
Standard deviation
How far away each value is, on average, from the mean
58
Range
The distance between the largest value and the smallest value
59
Correlation coefficient
A statistical value between -1.0 and 1.0 indicating the type (negative/positive) and strength of the relation between two variables
60
Statistically significant
Results deemed unlikely to be due to chance
61
Meta-analysis
The analysis of multiple analyses | Many studies that have addressed the same issue are combined and summarized in one "study of studies"

PSC 001 (15 decks)

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