Chapter 8

Question 1

Thought

Answer 1

1) The mental activity of processing information
2) Analogical Representations–correspond to physical properties of things around us
3) Symbolic representations–abstract representations that do not correspond to physical properties

Question 2

Concept Models

Answer 2

1) Prototype model–using one example/thing as a standard/epitome for the concept/group
2) Exemplar Model–all members of a concept are examples and together determine membership standards

Question 3

Schemas

Answer 3

1) cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, and structure information
2) used because situations have common characteristics
3) Learned as children

Question 4

Decision Making and heuristics

Answer 4

1) Attempting to select the best option amongst possible alternatives
2) Heuristics–tools/shortcuts that aid in decision-making
3) Anchoring–the tendency when making judgements to rely on the first piece of information presented to you
4) Framing–emphasizing potential losses or gains from a situation
5) Loss-aversion—avoiding losses because losses feel worse more than gains feel good
6) Availability heuristic–choosing the answer that most readily comes to mind
7) Representative heuristic–estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on its similarities with an existing prototype in our minds.
8) Affective forecasting–the tendency of people to overestimate how a future event will make them feel

Question 5

Problem Solving

Answer 5

1) finding a way to achieve a goal
2) subgoals–creating smaller goals that lead you to your ultimate goal
3) restructuring–thinking about a problem in a new way that aids in its solving
4) sudden insight–sudden realization of a solution to a problem
5) Mental sets–using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
6) functional fixedness–having fixed ideas about the functions of objects

Question 6

Language

Answer 6

1) a system of communicating using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules
2) phonemes–the basic sounds of speech; the building blocks of language
3) Morphemes–the smallest unit of language that has meaning: suffixes and prefixes

Question 7

Aphasia

Answer 7

1) a language disorder that results in deficits in language production and comprehension
2) Broca’s Aphasia–interrupted ability to speak
3) Wernicke’s Apashia–interrupted ability to comprehend the meaning of words
4) global aphasia–problems with the ability to understand words and produce them

Question 8

Deep vs Surface Structure of Words

Answer 8

1) Surface–sound and order of words

2) Deep–implicit meaning of sentences

Question 9

teaching Lanaguage

Answer 9

1) Phonics–teaching of sounds of individual combinations of letters
2) Whole Language–teaching the meaning of words as a whole in context of their situations

Question 10

Theories of Intelligence

Answer 10

1) Spearmen/General intelligence–one form of general intelligence, tested in academics
2) Cartell–general intelligence consists of fluid (reasoning, processing, thinking quickly) and crystalized (acquired through experience and ability to apply experience) intelligence
3) Gardner–multiple intelligences, 8 independent categories beyond school smarts
4) Emotional intelligence–a form of social intelligence that emphasizes the abilities to manage, recognize, and understand emotions and use emotion to guide appropriate thought and action

Question 11

Measuring intelligence

Answer 11

1) measure with standardized tests
2) achievement–current level of education
3) aptitude–skill at future tasks
4) IQ = mental age/chronological age predicts school success and educational attainment
5) intelligence affected by genes and environment
6) Stereotype threat–apprehensions about confirming stereotypes related to one’s own group