Chapter 3

Question 1

Central Nervous System

Answer 1

1) Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 2

1) All nerve cells besides the CNS

Question 3

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

Answer 3

1) pass information from the outside to the brain

Question 4

Motor (efferent) Neurons

Answer 4

1) direct muscles to contract and relax

Question 5

Internuerons

Answer 5

1) communicate with local circuits

Question 6

Neuron Parts

Answer 6

1) Dendrites–collect chemical signals from neurons
2) Cell Body– Collects and integrates information
3) Axon–transmits electrical impulses
4) Myelin Sheath–insulates axons
5) Terminal Buttons–end of axon
6) Synapse/synaptic cleft—allows chemical communication between neurons

Question 7

Neuron Communication

Answer 7

1) Action Potential/neural firing–electrical signal that passes along the axon and causes the release of chemicals from the terminal buttons, takes plac in the nodes of ranvier
2) Chemical signals received by dendrites which causes polarization and determines the firing of the neuron
3) Neuron changes from negative to positive due to sodium ions

Question 8

excitatory signals

Answer 8

1) depolarize cell membrane and make it more likely that the neuron will fire

Question 9

inhibitory signals

Answer 9

1) hyperpolarize the cell membrane and make it less likely that the neuron will fire

Question 10

All or None Principle

Answer 10

1) Neurons always fire at the same strength

Question 11

Neurotransmitters

Answer 11

1) chemical substances that transmit signals from one neuron to another

Question 12

receptors

Answer 12

1) receive neurotransmitters after they cross the synapse

Question 13

Reuptake

Answer 13

1) Neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons thereby stopping its activity

Question 14

Enzyme Deactivation

Answer 14

1) An enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter in the synapse to stop communication

Question 15

Autoreceptors

Answer 15

1) determine how much of a neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron

Question 16

Acetylcholine (AcH)

Answer 16

motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming

Question 17

Epinephrine

Answer 17

energy

Question 18

norepinephrine

Answer 18

arousal, vigilance, attention

Question 19

Serotonin

Answer 19

emotional stats, impulsiveness, dreaming

Question 20

dopamine

Answer 20

reward and motivation

Question 21

GABA

Answer 21

inhibition of action potentials, anxiety reduction

Question 22

Glutamate

Answer 22

enhancement of action potentials, learning, memory

Question 23

endorphins

Answer 23

pain reduction, reward

Question 24

brain stem

Answer 24

concerned with survival functions

Question 25

cerebellum

Answer 25

essential for movement and balance, motor learning and motor memory

Question 26

Thalamus

Answer 26

receives sensory information and relays it to the cortex

Question 27

Hypothalamus

Answer 27

regulates bodily functions (temperature, glucose levels) and influences basic motivated behavior

Question 28

Hippocampus

Answer 28

formation of memories

Question 29

amygdala

Answer 29

emotional response

Question 30

basal ganglia

Answer 30

planning and production of movement

Question 31

frontal lobe

Answer 31

thought planning and movement

Question 32

parietal lobe

Answer 32

touch and special relations

Question 33

temporal lobe

Answer 33

hearing, memory

Question 34

occipital lobe

Answer 34

vision

Question 35

Split brain

Answer 35

corpus collosum is cut and left and right sides of the brain no longer communicate left hemisphere--better with language right hemisphere--better with spatial relationships

Question 36

Visual input

Answer 36

images from left eye go to right brain and right eye to left brains

Question 37

Somatic nervous system

Answer 37

transmits signals the CNS via nerves

Question 38

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 38

regulates body environment through stimulation of glands

Question 39

Sympathetic division of ANS

Answer 39

prepares the body for action

Question 40

parasympathetic division of ANS

Answer 40

returns body to resting state

Question 41

endocrine system

Answer 41

communication through hormones to influence though behavior and action

Question 42

horomones

Answer 42

chemical substances released by endocrine glands and influence various tissues

Question 43

Brain Plasticity

Answer 43

the continual changing state of the brain, allows children to recover from a hemispherectomy by allowing them to mold their half-brain to adequately control most of their body

Question 44

phantom limb pain

Answer 44

Caused when parts of the brain formerly dictated to feeling in the limb attach to other parts of the body

Question 45

polygenic effects

Answer 45

traits that are influenced by more than one gene