Chapter 6

Question 1

Non-associative learning

Answer 1

1) emerges from a response to a single stimulus

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

1) a relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience

Question 3

Associative Learning

Answer 3

1) linking to events or stimuli that occur together

Question 4

Observational Learning

Answer 4

1) Changing or adapting behavior after observing another individual performing that behavior

Question 5

Habituation

Answer 5

1) A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
2) Non- associative

Question 6

Dishabituation

Answer 6

1) increase in behavioral response resulting from a change in something familiar
2) Non-Associative

Question 7

Sensitization

Answer 7

1) Increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus
2) non-associative

Question 8

Classical/Pavlonian Conditioning

Answer 8

1) Associative
2) learning that one stimulus predicts another
3) Works through repeated experience of the second stimulus following the first

Question 9

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 9

1) stimulus that produces no specific response (before conditioning)

Question 10

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 10

1) Stimulus that produces a response prior to any learning.

Question 11

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 11

1) Response that does not have to be learned

Question 12

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 12

1) Stimulus that produces response only after learning

2) previously the unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 13

1) learned response to a conditioned stimulus

2) Same as the unconditioned response

Question 14

Stages of Classical Conditioning

Answer 14

1) Acquisition–gradual formation of a relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus
2) Extinction–weakening of the conditioned response because of repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
3) Spontaneous Recovery–reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Question 15

Stimulus Generalization, Discrimination, Second-Order Conditioned

Answer 15

1) Generalization–occurs when stimulus that are similar, but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
2) Discrimination–differentiating between two similar stimuli when only one is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
3) Second-order Conditioning–conditioned stimulus becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Phobias and classical conditioning

Answer 16

1) a learned fear that is disproportionate to the real threat posed by an object or situation
2) Fear-conditioning–when an animals are conditioned to fear a previously neutral stimulus
3) Counterconditioning–treating fear by pairing the stimuli with things the patient enjoys

Question 17

Evolutionary Significance of Classical Conditioning

Answer 17

1) Conditioned Taste Aversion–association between eating a food and getting sick, designed to avoid eating toxins
2) Biological Preparedness–suggests some animals are automatically conditioned to fear some objects

Question 18

Operant/instrumental Conditioning

Answer 18

1) learning that behavior leads to specific outcomes
2) Law of Effect—behaviors that lead to a favorable outcome are likely to be repeated (Behavior patterns emerge from operant conditioning)

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

1) manipulating a stimulus to a certain response, increasing the likelihood of repetition of a certain behavior
2) Primary reinforcers–address biological needs
3) Secondary Reinforcers–do not directly address biological needs, but have become a conditioned stimulus associated with primary reinforcers (US)
4) Positive reinforcement–adding a stimulus to increase behavior
5) negative reinforcement–removing a stimulus to increase behavior

Question 20

Shaping

Answer 20

1) gradually Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior in order to increase likelihood of that behavior.

Question 21

Punishment

Answer 21

1) Manipulating a stimulus to decrease the likelihood of the repetition of a certain behavior
2) Negative punishment–removing a stimulus to discourage behavior
3) Positive punishment–adding a stimulus to discourage behavior`
4) Can have unpredicted consequences

Question 22

Continuous and Partial Reinforcement

Answer 22

1) Continuous reinforcement–behavior reinforced every time it occurs, effective for initial learning
2) Partial reinforcement–behavior reinforced intermittently

Question 23

Schedules of Partial Reinforcement

Answer 23

1) Ratio–based on number of behaviors
2) Interval–based on amount of time
3) Fixed–based on a set amount of behaviors (fixed ratio) or amount of time (fixed interval)
4) Variable–based on no specific amount of behavior (variable ratio) or time (Variable interval)

Question 24

Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect

Answer 24

1) Greater persistence of partial than continuous reinforcement over time because it is easier to detect stoppage of continuous reinforcement than that of partial reinforcement
2) Best Way to encourage behavior: Continuous reinforcement until behavior learned and than partial reinforcement after

Question 25

Observational Learning

Answer 25

1) acquisition or modification of behavior after witnessing at least one performance of the behavior 2) Modeling--imitating behavior seen in others 3) Vicarious Learning--learning whether or not to copy a behavior after witnessing the punishment/reward of that behavior on another individual 4) Bobo Doll study--adults punishment/reward dictated child's behavior