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BISC 260 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the total of all chemical reactions in the cell and is divided into catabolism and anabolism

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

fuels reactions
energy conserving reaction
provide source of energy
generate precursors for biosynthesis

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; requires energy

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4
Q

Where are microbes represented in metabolism?

A

all five stages

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5
Q

What type of work is the synthesis of complex molecules?

A

chemical work

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6
Q

What type of work is the take up of nutrients, eliminates wast, and maintains ion balances?

A

transport work

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7
Q

What type of work moves the cell and the structures within?

A

mechanical work

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8
Q

What is a science that analyzes energy change in a system?

A

thermodynamics

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9
Q

First law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed

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10
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

chemical and physical processes proceed in a way of disorder?

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11
Q

What is entropy?

A

amount of disorder in a system

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12
Q

What is a calorie?

A

amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water a degree

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13
Q

What is a Joule?

A

unit of work; 1 cal equals 4.1840 J

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14
Q

What is free energy?

A

the change in energy that can occur in chemical reactions

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15
Q

What is positive delta G

A

non spontaneous reaction

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16
Q

What is negative delta G

A

spontaneous reaction

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17
Q

What is delta G?

A

free energy change

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18
Q

What is delta H?

A

change in enthalpy (HEAT)

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19
Q

What is delta S?

A

change in entropy

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20
Q

What is the equation for equilibrium?

A

A + B ⇌ C + D

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21
Q

When is equilibrium reached?

A

when forward rate is equal to reverse rate

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22
Q

What influences free energy change?

A

concentration, pressure, temp, and pH

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23
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

negative delta G

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24
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A

positive delta G

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25
What is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
26
How is the breakdown of ATP favored?
exergonic breakdown of ATP to endergonic reactions
27
What are some other energy sources?
GTP, CTP, and UTP
28
What does ATP have a high transfer rate of?
Phosphate
29
Oxidation Reduction Reactions do what with electrons?
are donated to an acceptor
30
What does donating an electron do?
release of energy which can be stored as ATP
31
What does it mean if a molecule has a lot of electrons?
it is more energy rich
32
What is a Redox: two half reaction?
One electron is donating (oxidizing reaction) and one electron is accepting (reducing reaction)
33
How are the acceptor and donor paired in a redox two half reaction?
Conjugate redox pair
34
What is the equilibrium constant for an oxidation reduction reaction?
standard redox potential
35
What is a better electron donor?
more negative
36
What is a better electron acceptor?
more positive
37
What does it mean if the difference between the charge of the donor and the charge of the acceptor is greater?
the more negative the delta G is
38
What is the organization of electron carriers?
Electron Transport Chain
39
In the ETC, the first electron carrie is the most what?
negative
40
The potential energy in the first redox couple is released and used to form what?
ATP
41
The first carrier is reduced and what happens next?
the carrier moves up and so on
42
Where are electron carriers located in bacteria and archaea?
in the plasma membrane
43
Where are the electrons located in eukaryotic cells?
in the internal mitochondrial membrane
44
What are examples of electron carriers?
NAD, NADP, FAD, FMN, CoQ, Cytochromes, Nonheme iron sulfer proteins
45
What do cytochromes use to transfer electrons?
iron, and iron is apart of the heme group
46
What do nonheme iron-sulfur proteins use to transfer electrons?
iron, and iron is NOT apart of the heme group
47
What from biochemical pathways?
enzymes
48
How are pathways connected?
through networks
49
What do enzymes do?
carry out reactions at physiological conditions
50
How do enzymes help reactions?
that speed up the rate at which they reach equilibrium
51
What are substrates?
reacting molecules
52
What are products?
substances formed by reactions
53
How are some enzymes composed?
one or more polypeptides or the same but no nonprotein components
54
What is the protein component of the enzyme?
apoenzyme
55
What is the nonprotein component of the enzyme?
cofactor
56
How are coenzymes attached?
loosely
57
What is a holoenzyme?
apoenzyme and a cofactor
58
What do enzymes do to the activation rate?
lower it
59
How do enzymes lower activation rate?
increase concentration of substrate, the transition state complex, and the fit model for the interaction
60
What environmental factors impact enzyme activity?
substrate concentration pH temperature
61
As rate of reaction increases what also increases?
substrate concentration
62
Where are enzymes most optimal?
at specific pH and temp
63
What is denaturation?
loss of enzyme structure and activity
64
What inhibitor directly competes with the binding of substrate?
competitive inhibitor
65
What inhibitor binds changes the enzyme's shape so it becomes less active?
noncompetitive inhibitor
66
What three mechanisms regulate metabolism?
Metabolic channeling Enzyme synthesis Direct stimulation or inhibition
67
What is the differential localization of enzymes and metabolites?
Metabolic Channeling
68
What is compartmentation?
distribution of enzymes among separate cell structures or organelles
69
What is an allosteric regulation?
changes shape of enzyme and alters activity of catalytic site.
70
What type of effector increases enzyme activity?
postive effector
71
What type of effector inhibits enzyme?
negative effector
72
How do covalent modifications effect enzymes?
add or remove chemical group?
73
What is the advantage to adding or removing the chemical group?
responds to more stimuli | adds second level of control
74
What enzyme is involved with feedback inhibition?
pacemaker enzyme
75
What does the pacemaker enzyme do?
catalyzes the slowest reaction in the pathway
76
What are isoenzymes?
enzymes that catalyze the same reaction

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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