Chapter 9 (Pt. 1)

Question 1

Chemical agents are used to do what?

Answer 1

treat disease, destroy pathogens, and inhibit growth

Question 2

Ehlrich developed what?

Answer 2

concept for selective toxicity

Question 3

Hato and Ehlrich discovered what?

Answer 3

arsenic compounds that treated syphillis

Question 4

Domagk and others discovered what?

Answer 4

sulfa drugs

Question 5

What first discovered penicillin and who got credit?

Answer 5

Duchesne, Fleming

Question 6

Who discovered a antibiotic to TB?

Answer 6

Waksman

Question 7

Ability of a drug to kill or inhibit a pathogen while not damaging the host?

Answer 7

Selective toxicity

Question 8

Drug level required for clinical treatment?

Answer 8

therapeutic dose

Question 9

Drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient?

Answer 9

Toxic dose

Question 10

Ration of toxic dose to therapeutic dose?

Answer 10

therapeutic index

Question 11

Undesirable effects of drug on host cells?

Answer 11

side effects

Question 12

Attack only a few different pathogens?

Answer 12

narrow spectrum drugs

Question 13

Attack many different pathogens?

Answer 13

broad spectrum

Question 14

What kills microbes?

Answer 14

cidal agent

Question 15

What inhibits the growth of microbes?

Answer 15

Static agent

Question 16

What are the two ways effectiveness is expressed?

Answer 16

1. Minimal Inhibitory [ ]

2. Minimal Lethal [ ]

Question 17

Lowest concentration of a drug to inhibit growth?

Answer 17

Minimal Inhibitory [ ]

Question 18

Lowest concentration of drug to kill pathogen?

Answer 18

Minimal lethal [ ]

Question 19

What tests are used to determine antimicrobial activity?

Answer 19

Dilution test
Disk diffusion
E-test

Question 20

What antimicrobial test involves inoculating media containing different concentration of drugs?

Answer 20

Dilution test

Question 21

What antimicrobial test involves disks impregnated drugs placed on agar plates?

Answer 21

Disk diffusion test

Question 22

What do you observe in disk diffusion tests?

Answer 22

zones of inhibition

Question 23

What is the standardized method for disk diffusion test?

Answer 23

Kirby Bauer Method

Question 24

What antimicrobial test is like the disk diffusion test but it uses strips instead?

Answer 24

the E-test

Question 25

What are the main actions for antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 25

Inhibits cell wall synthesis Inhibits protein synthesis Metabolic antagonists Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition

Question 26

What drugs are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

Answer 26

Pencillins Cephalosporins Vancomycin Teicoplanin

Question 27

What are protein synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 27

``` Aminoglycoside Tetracyclines Macrolides Lincosamines Chloramphenicol ```

Question 28

What drugs are metabolic antagonists?

Answer 28

Sulfa Drugs | Trimethoprim

Question 29

What drug is nucleic acid inhibitors?

Answer 29

Quinolones

Question 30

What actions to penicillin do?

Answer 30

block transpeptidation prevents cell wall synthesis acts only on growing bacteria

Question 31

What is an alternate to penicillin if people are allergic?

Answer 31

cephalosporins

Question 32

What are the four categories for cephalosporins?

Answer 32

Cepahlothin Cefoxitin Cefaoperazone Cefriaxome

Question 33

What does vancomycin used for?

Answer 33

treat resistant stuffy and enterococcal

Question 34

What size ribosomes can the inhibitors bind to?

Answer 34

30S | 50S

Question 35

Steps of protein synthesis that can be inhibited?

Answer 35

tRNA binding peptide bonds mRNA reading translocation

Question 36

What antibiotic binds to 30S ribosome?

Answer 36

aminoglycoside

Question 37

What are tetracyclines sometimes treated for?

Answer 37

acne

Question 38

What are macrolides used for if a patient is allergic?

Answer 38

penicillin

Question 39

What drug binds to 23 rRNA and 50S ribosomes?

Answer 39

Chloramphenicol

Question 40

When is chloramphenicol used?

Answer 40

in life threatening situations

Question 41

What drug can be combined with sulfa drugs to increase treatment?

Answer 41

trimethoprim

Question 42

Nucleic acid inhibitors can block what?

Answer 42

DNA replication and transcription