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BISC 260 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is all DNA present in a cell or virus?

A

Genome

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2
Q

Set of specific genes an organisms possesses

A

Genotype

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3
Q

Collection of observable characteristics

A

Phenotype

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4
Q

Who proposed the transformation principle?

A

Griffith

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5
Q

Who showed that the transformation principle was DNA

A

MacLeod and McCarty

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6
Q

Who showed that DNA is genetic material?

A

Hershey and Chase

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7
Q

What links polymers of nucleotides together?

A

phophodiester bonds

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8
Q

How do DNA and RNA differ?

A

nitrogenous bases
sugars
single or double stranded

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9
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

polymer of nucleotides

sugar phosphate backbone

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10
Q

What are the bases for DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

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11
Q

What is the sugar for DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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12
Q

What is the structure of the phosphate backbone?

A

3’ to 5’ with covalent bonds between them

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13
Q

What pairs with Adenine?

A

Thymine; 2 hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What pairs with Guanine?

A

Cytosine; 3 hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What are the nucleotides for RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

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16
Q

Are RNA single or double stranded?

A

Single

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17
Q

What are the three different functions of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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18
Q

What is the protein structure?

A

polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

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19
Q

What is C-terminal?

A

Carboxy group

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20
Q

What is N-Terminal?

A

amino group

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21
Q

How can amino acids be organized?

A

polar, non polar, or charged

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22
Q

2 strands separate, serving as a template for a complementary strand.

A

DNA Replication

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23
Q

What does it mean that DNA Replication is semi-conservative?

A

each daughter cell obtains one old and one new strand

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24
Q

Where is DNA unwound?

A

at the replication fork

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25
Origin and is replicated as a unit?
Replicon
26
What protein synthesizes RNA primer?
DNA primase
27
What protein relieves supercoiling of DNA?
DNA gyrase
28
What protein removes RNA primers?
DNA polymerase 1
29
Which way is DNA synthesized?
5' to 3'
30
What do polymerases require?
template primer dNTPs
31
What does the template do for polymerases?
directs synthesis of complementary strand
32
What is the primer for polymerase?
DNA or RNA strand
33
How many polymerases does E.coli have?
5
34
What is a complex of 10 proteins and 3 proteins for a core enzyme?
DNA polymerase holoenzyme
35
How many enzymes are in each polymerase and what do they do?
2; catalyze DNA synthesis and proofread
36
What protein keeps strands apart for replication to occur?
Single stranded binding proteins
37
What protein breaks one strand of DNA?
Topoisomerase
38
What happens at the replication fork?
- DNA is synthesized in the 5'-3' - Okazaki fragments are formed - A new primer is needed for each okazaki fragment
39
What protein bends strands in E.coli DNA?
DnaA
40
What protein separates strands in E.coli DNA?
DnaB
41
In E.coli, what removes RNA primers and fills it with DNA?
DNA polymerase I
42
What links a growing 3' strand and a Okazaki 5' fragment?
DNA ligase
43
What polymerase proofreads?
III
44
What removes the mismated base during proofreading?
exonuclease
45
When does replication stop in E.coli?
when the replisome reaches the termination site
46
What protein forms when two circular chromosomes do not separate?
Catenanes
47
What separates the catenanes?
topoisomerases
48
What is a problem with "end" replication?
it can be too short
49
How is short chromosomes solved in eukaryotes?
telomerase
50
How is short chromosomes solved in bacteria?
it disguises them
51
What is the basic unit of genetic information?
gene
52
What is a gene also defined as?
nucleic acid sequence
53
What is the structure of a gene?
linear sequence of nucleotides
54
Where are codons found?
mRNA
55
How is DNA read?
3' - 5'
56
What is the coding strand?
complementary strand
57
What starts protein coding?
Promoter
58
What ends a coding region?
stop codon
59
DNA that codes for tRNA and rRNA are considered what?
genes
60
What is transcription?
RNA synthesis under the direction of DNA
61
What RNA carries the message for protein synthesis?
mRNA
62
What RNA carries amino acids during protein synthesis?
tRNA
63
What RNA carries components from the ribosome during protein synthesis?
rRNA
64
What type of mRNA is found in bacteria and archaea?
polycistronic mRNA
65
What initiates transcription?
a promoter
66
After the promoter binds in transcription, what happens?
RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA
67
What happens in transcription elongation?
a bubble is produced that holds a temporary RNA:DNA hybrid
68
When does transcription terminate?
when the core RNA polymerase dissociates from the template DNA
69
How long is a codon?
three base pairs
70
What does a codon do?
specifies amino acids
71
What is the start codon?
AUG
72
How many sense codons are there?
61
73
Termination signals for codons?
Stop codons
74
How many different codons can code for a single amino acid?
Up to six
75
What does a wobble do?
eliminate the needs for unique tRNA for each codon
76
Where is the site of translation?
ribosome
77
What is a complex of mRNA with several ribosomes?
polyribosome
78
What is the shape of tRNA?
tertiary
79
What end of tRNA binds to amino acids?
3'
80
What activates a amino acid?
attachment to a tRNA
81
how many amino acids are there?
20
82
What is the role of rRNA in translation?
contributes to the structure of the ribosome
83
What does the 16S RNA bind to?
mRNA for protein synthesis
84
What does the 23S RNA bind to?
ribozyme catalyzes peptide formation
85
What initiates protein synthesis?
ribosome subunit and numerous molecules
86
What is the elongation cycle?
addition of amino acids to growing polypeptide
87
What are the three phases of the elongation cycle?
amioacyl-tRNA transpeptidation translocation
88
What bind the tRNA to growing polypeptide?
peptidyl site
89
What binds incoming aminoacyl-tRNA
aminoacyl site
90
What binds empty tRNA before it leaves the ribosome?
Exit site
91
What catalyzes transpeptidation reactions?
peptidyl tranferase
92
What happen in translocation?
peptidyl tRNA moves from A to P site, ribosome moves down, tRNA leaves P site
93
What codons can stop protein synthesis?
UAA UAG UGA
94
During protein splicing what is the removed portion?
inteins
95
During protein splicing what is the portion that remains in the protein?
exteins
96
How does protein mature?
folding and association with other proteins
97
Where are proteins secreted?
subcellular or extracellular site
98
What do molecular chaperones do?
aid in folding protect from thermal damage aid in transport
99
What is protein translocation ?
movement of proteins from cytoplasm to p.m or periplasmic space?

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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