Test 1 Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
What do you think of when someone mentions microorganisms?
A
Human Health
2
Q
How do microorganisms impact human health?
A
Disease can have a negative or positive impact. Probiotics are positive
3
Q
What did the Human Microbiome Project state?
A
Humans did not evolve on their own
4
Q
How do bacteria have a dominant role in our lives?
A
We protect them and they protect us
5
Q
Are microorganisms the most populous and diverse group of organism?
A
Yes
6
Q
Where are microorganisms found?
A
Everywhere on the planet
7
Q
How do microorganisms benefit society?
A
Production of food, beverages, antibiotics, and vitamins
8
Q
What does it mean when microorganisms are termed ubiquitous?
A
they are found everywhere, occupy 50% of the biome
9
Q
How does reproduction help microorganisms become abundant?
A
It is a simple process and they have simple construction
10
Q
What type of cells lack a membrane bound nucleus?
A
prokaryotic cells
11
Q
What type of cells have a membrane bound nucleus?
A
eukaryotic cells
12
Q
What is included under Cellular Organisms?
A
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
Archaea
13
Q
What is included under Acellular Organisms?
A
Viruses
Viroids
Satellites
Prions
14
Q
What are viruses composed of?
A
Protein and nucleic acid
15
Q
What are viroids composed of?
A
RNA
16
Q
What are satellites composed of?
A
Nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell
17
Q
What are prions composed of?
A
Protein
18
Q
What are the three domains that are based off of rRNA?
A
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
19
Q
What are the characteristics of Bacteria (domain)?
A
Single celled Cell wall w/ PGC Lack membrane bound nucleus Ubiquitous Produce oxygen
20
Q
What are the characteristics of Archaea (domain)?
A
Unique rRNA gene sequence Lack PGC in cell wall Have unique membrane lipids Unusual metabolism Live in extreme environments
21
Q
What is included under the Eukarya Domain?
A
Fungi
Protists
Animals
Plants
22
Q
Protists characteristics?
A
larger than bacteria and archaea
23
Q
Fungi characterists?
A
can be unicellular or multicellular
24
Q
What is the smallest of all microorganism?
A
Viruses
25
What do viruses require in order to function?
host cell
26
What are infectious agents composed of RNA?
Viroids
| Virusoids
27
What are infectious proteins?
Prions
28
Definition of Life includes?
```
Cells and organization
Response to change
Growth and development
Evolution
Energy use and metabolism
Homeostasis
Reproduction
```
29
How old may life on earth be?
3.5 billion years
30
What is the original molecule of heredity?
RNA
31
What is thought to have bacterial lineage through the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts through rRNA
32
What does hydrogenosome mean?
anaerobic lineage
33
What are catalytic RNA called?
Ribsomes
34
What is the energy currency for a cell?
ATP
35
How do bacteria and archaea increase their genetic pool?
horizontal gene transfer
36
What is another way of gene evolution?
mosaic
37
Why do Bacteria and Archaea not reproduce sexually?
They are strains that consists of pure cultures
38
What are tools used for studying microorganisms?
Microscopes
Culture techniques
Genetics
Genomics
39
Who was the first person to observe microorganisms correctly?
Leeuwenhoek
40
How did Leeuwenhoek discover them correctly?
Looked at pond water while trying to find inconsistency in his textiles
41
Spontaneous Generation
living organisms develop from nonliving matter
42
Who is responsible for the "Swan Neck Flask"?
Louis Pasteur
43
What did the swan neck result in?
no growth of microorganisms because he boiled the solution and left it exposed it to air
44
What was the final blow to spontaneous generation?
the demonstration that dust carries microorganisms (Tyndall) and that heath resistant bacteria could produce endospores (Cohn).
45
What did Joseph Lister do to study the relationship between microorganisms and diseases?
cleaned his surgical equipment
46
What did Louis Pasteur do to study the relationship between microorganisms and diseases?
Fermentation
47
Who was the final person to seal the study between microorganisms and diseases?
Robert Koch
48
What did Koch do?
developed the Koch postulate, which is used today, that established a link between microorganisms and a particular disease.
49
What did Koch's discovery to to the development of?
Agar
Petri dishes
Nutrient broth and agar
Isolation of microorganisms
50
What two people discovered that incubation for a period of time can kill a disease?
Pasteur and Roux
51
Who developed vaccines?
Pasteur
52
Who created the vaccine for smallpox?
Jenner
53
Who found evidence for antibody based immunity?
Behring and Kitasato, through antitoxins
54
Who discovered phagocytes?
Metchnikoff
55
The root or origin of modern life is on a bacterial branch but nature still controversial
xx
56
What is the largest microorganism?
protists and bacteria
57
What is the range for the sizes in microscopy?
```
Largest to smallest:
Cm
mm
um
nm
A
```
58
How does light pass from one medium to another?
it is refracted (bent)
59
What is the refractive index?
Measure of how greatly the velocity of light is slowed down
60
What is the focus of light rays at a certain point called?
Focal point
61
What is the distance between the lens and the focal point?
focal length
62
What type of lens is stronger?
shorter, the shorter the focal length the stronger the magnification
63
What are the different types of light microscopes?
```
Bright Field
Dark Field
Phase Contrast
Fluorescence
Confocal
```
64
What is the microscope we use?
the bright field
65
What type of image does a bright field produce?
Dark image against a bright background
66
What is total magnification?
product of magnifications for the ocular lenses and objective lenses
67
What is the working distance?
distance between front surface of lens and surface of slide.
68
Describe the Oil Immersion Objective?
Oil replaces air allowing for ray that could not enter to now do so to enhance the resolution of the image.
69
What is the dark field used to study?
living, unstained organisms
70
What type of image does the dark field produce?
bright image against a dark background
71
What does the phase contrast microscope do?
converts refractive index differences into variations of light intensity
72
What does the DIC do?
determines differences in refractive index and thickness of the specimen parts
73
What does the fluorescence microscope do to a specimen?
Exposes them to UV, Violet, or blue light
74
What are the specimens under a fluorescent microscope stained with?
fluorochromes
75
Why is the fluorescent microscope essential to microbiology?
it tags specific cell structures by using dyes and fluorochrome probes to identify pathogens. Also localizes specific proteins in cells
76
What microscope creates a 3D image?
Confocal Microscope
77
What increases visibility of a specimen?
Staining
78
What method preserves internal and external structures and fixes them into position?
fixation
79
What are the two types of fixation?
Heat and Chemical
80
What is heat fixation?
used for bacteria and archaea; preserves overall morphology
81
What is chemical fixation?
used with larger organisms; protects fine structures
82
What do dyes do when used for staining?
Make internal and external structures more visible to contrast with the background
83
What charge do basic dyes have?
positive
84
What charge to acid dyes have?
negative
85
What is a simple stained used for?
a single stain to determine shape, size and arrangement of bacteria
86
What does a differential stain do?
divides microorganisms into groups based off of the stains
87
Examples of differential stains?
gram stain
| acid fast stain
88
What structures are differential stains used to detect?
endospores, flagella, and capsules
89
Describe the process of gram staining?
1. Crystal violet (primary stain) for one minute; rinse
2. Iodine (mordant) for one minute; rinse
3. Alcohol (decolorizer) for 10-30 seconds; rinse
4. Safranin (counterstain) for 30-60 seconds; rinse; dry
90
What is a gram positive stain?
cell remains purple
91
What is a gram negative stain?
cell became colorless then pink/red after the safranin (secondary stain)
92
What genus is acid fast staining used for?
Mycobacterium
93
What does the acid fast staining stain?
the cell wall high lipid content
94
What structure staining involves double sating technique where the endospore is one color and the vegetative cell is another?
Endospore staining
95
Which type of structure stain is used to identify the polysaccharide capsules surrounding bacteria?
Capsule staining
96
What is applied to increase the thickness of a flagella when doing the structure stain?
mordant
97
What replaces light in the electron microscope?
Electrons
98
How do electrons work in the TEM?
they would usually scatter, but the TEM holds them in a vacuum to produce a clear image
99
What is a type of metal stain used for studying viruses?
negative staining
100
What type of metal staining is useful for viral morphology, flagella, and DNA?
shadowing
101
What is another stain that does not use metals?
Freeze etching
102
What microscope produces a realistic 3D image?
Scanning electron microscope
103
What is a rapid freezing technique to preserve native state of structures?
electron crytomography
104
How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?
Lack internal memb. systems, size, and simplicity
105
What shape can bacteria and archaea have?
cocci and rods are most common
106
How is the arrangement determined in bacteria and archaea?
by plane of division and if they separate or not
107
What are the shape of cocci?
Sphere
108
Structure of diplococci?
in pairs
109
Structure of steptococci?
chains
110
Structure of staphylococci?
grape like
111
Structure of tetrads?
4 cocci in a square
112
Structure of sarcinae?
cube of 8 cocci
113
What shape do bacilli have?
rods
114
What shape do vibrios resemble?
rod ( , shape)
115
What shape do spirilla have?
rigid helices
116
What are spirochetes?
flexible helices
117
What does mycelium look like?
network of long filaments
118
What is important for nutrient uptake dealing with size and shape?
surface to volume ratio
119
What are common features for bacteria?
cell envelope
cytopolasm
external structures
120
What does the bacterial cell envelop consist of?
Plasma membrane
Cell Wall
Layers outside the cell wall
121
What are plasma membrane functions?
encompasses cytoplasm
selective permeable
interacts with the environment
122
How does the plasma membrane interact with external environment?
receptors for detection of chemicals
transport systems
metabolic processes
123
Describe the fluid mosaic model structure of the plasma membrane.
lipid bilayer with floating proteins (amphipathic lipids, membrane proteins)
124
What are the amphipathic lipids of the fluid mosaic model?
polar (hydrophilic) and non polar (hydrophobic) tails
125
What are the membrane proteins of the fluid mosaic model?
peripheral (loosely connected)
| integral (amphipathic embedded within the membrane)
126
What does amphipathic mean?
having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends
127
What do saturation levels of membrane lipids reflect?
environmental conditions
128
How do sterols help membranes?
stabilize membranes
129
What are the macronutrients?
C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe
130
Which of the macronutrients are found in organic molecules?
C, O, H, N, S, P
131
Which of the macronutrients are cation?
K, Ca, Mg, and Fe
132
What do cations do primarily?
assist enzymes and biosynthesis
133
What are the micronutrients?
Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu
134
How are micronutrients supplied?
through water and media components
135
Micronutrients do not assist enzymes?
False they are cofactors
136
What classes help growth factors?
amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins
137
What are amino acids needed for?
protein synthesis
138
What are purines and pyrimidines needed for?
nucleic acid synthesis
139
What are vitamins need for?
enzyme cofactors
140
What are the methods for nutrient uptake?
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
group translocation
141
What is passive diffusion?
molecules move from HIGHER to LOWER concentration; energy dependent
142
What is facilitated diffusion?
movement of molecules from HIGHER to LOWER concentration; not energy dependent
143
What impacts the rate of uptake in facilitated diffusion?
size of gradient; smaller is most significant
144
What is active transport dependent on?
ATP or proton force
145
What are permeases?
carrier proteins
146
How does active transport move molecules?
against the gradient
147
What are the primary transporters in active transport?
ABC Transporters
148
What do ABC Transporters consist of?
a hydrophobic membrane, ATP binding sites, and substrate bindings
149
What do secondary active transport systems use?
ion gradients
150
Two substances both move in the same direction
symport
151
Two substance move in opposite directions
antiport
152
What system chemically modifies molecules as they are brought into the cell?
Group translocation
153
What is the bacterial cell wall mad up of?
peptidoglycan
154
What is peptidoglycan?
rigid structure lying outside the plasma membrane
155
What are the function of the cell wall?
maintain shape
protect
contribute to pathogenicity
156
What are the results of the gram stain on the peptidoglycan layer?
Positive; thick
| Negative; thin
157
What are the alternating amino acids in the peptidoglycan layer?
D and L
158
How are peptidoglycan strands shaped?
cross linked by peptides
159
What are type of amino acids are found in proteins?
L amino acids
160
Why are there D amino acids in the bacterial cell wall?
to help against degradation
161
What acid helps maintain the cell envelope, protect, and help bind to host cells?
teichoic
162
Where is the periplasmic space of a G+ bacteria?
between the cell wall and the plasma membrane
163
What do the exoenzymes in the periplasmic space help in?
degradation of large nutrients
164
What is the structure of a G- bacteria?
outer membrane
thin peptidoglycan layer
plasma membrane
165
What lipoproteins connect the OM to the peptidoglycan in G- cell walls?
Braun's lipoproteins
166
What are the three parts to the lipopolysaccharide?
lipid A
core polysaccharide
O side chain
167
What is the importance of LPS?
(-) on cell surface
stabilize OM
attach to surfaces
168
What does lipid A do for the LPS?
acts as an endotoxin
169
What does O do for the LPS?
hosts defense
170
What allows G- to be more permeable than G+?
porin and transporter proteins
171
What do G+ cells do when CV hits it?
pores shrink trapping the CV
172
What do G- do when CV hits?
nothing
173
How does osmotic protection help in hypotonic environments?
prevents cell wall fro lysis
174
How does osmotic protection help in hypertonic environments?
doesn't; lysis occurs
175
What cells can survive in isotonic environments without a cell wall?
protoplasts
spheroplasts
mycoplasma
176
Glycocalyx is ...?
outermost layer in cell envelope
177
What do glycocalyx do?
aid in attachment
178
What do the components outside the cell wall do?
protect from phagocytosis and desiccation
179
What does the S layer function in?
protection
maintaining of shape
promotes adhesion
180
What are the structures in the cytoplasm?
```
Cytoskeleton
Intracytoplasmic membranes
Inclusion
Ribosomes
Nucleoid and Plasmids
```
181
What is the protoplast?
plasma membrane and everything within
182
What is the cytoplasm?
material bounded by the plasmid membrane
183
FtsZ cytoskeleton look like?
rings
184
MreB cytoskeleton look like?
rods
185
CreS cytoskeleton look like?
curve shape (rare)
186
What are plasma membrane infoldings?
intracytoplasmic membranes
187
What are inclusions?
granules of organic or inorgranic material that are stored for future use
188
What do inclusions store?
glycogen, carbon, phosphate, and amino acids
189
Are micro compartments bound by membranes?
no
190
What do gas vacuoles do and where are they found?
provide buoyancy in gas vesicles and found in aquatic bacteria and archaea
191
What is the sire for protein synthesis?
ribosome
192
70S is in what?
bacteria and archaea ribosomes
193
80S is in what?
eukaryotic ribosomes
194
The nucleoid is what for the bacteria?
one enclosed circular double stranded DNA molecule
195
What is a plasmid?
closed circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, archaea, and some fungi
196
How do plasmids replicate?
independently
197
What are external structures of the cell?
pili and flagella and fimbriae
198
What are short hairlike, protein appendages?
fimbriae
199
What are longer, thick, hair like structures?
Sex pili
200
What is flagella?
locomotive appendages, help attach to surfaces
201
Monotrichous flagella?
one flagellum
202
Polar flagellum?
flagellum at the end of cell
203
Amphitrichous flagella?
one flagellum at each end of cell
204
Lophotrichous flagella?
cluster of flagella at both ends
205
Peritrichous flagella?
spread over all surface
206
What powers a bacterial flagella?
basal body of rings
207
What secretion system is used for flagellar synthesis?
Type III
208
What are the different types of motility?
```
flagellar
swarming
spirochete
twtich
glide
```
209
how do bacterial flagellar move?
propeller movement
210
What are the two parts to the flagella motor?
Rotor and Stator
211
What are chemotaxis?
movement towards a chemical attractant or away from a chemical repellent
212
What is the endospore?
dormant structure formed by some bacteria that also protects from environmental conditions
213
What type of coat does the endospore have?
protein
214
What is in the core of the endospore?
nucleoid and ribsomes
