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BISC 260 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a heterotroph use for its carbon source?

A

organic molecules

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2
Q

What does a autotroph use for its carbon source

A

carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What do phototrophs use as an energy source?

A

light

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4
Q

What do chemotrophs use as its energy source?

A

oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

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5
Q

Lithographs use what for electron sources?

A

reduced organic molecules

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6
Q

Organotrophs use what for electron sources?

A

organic molecules

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7
Q

What are photolithoautotrophs also known as?

A

photoautotrophs

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8
Q

What are chemoorganoheterotrophs also known as?

A

chemoheterotrophs

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9
Q

What nutritional types have an ecological importance?

A

photoorganoheterotrophs
chemolithoautotrophs
chemolithotrophs

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10
Q

What do organism use to fuel reactions?

A

ATP as energy currency
Reduce power to supply e
Precursor metabolites for biosynthesis

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11
Q

What processes do chemoheterotrophs use?

A

aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
fermentation

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12
Q

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is what?

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ?

A

Different: NO3, SO4, CO2, FE, or SEO4

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14
Q

In fermentation, chemoorganic fueling processes use what to oxidize organic energy sources?

A

endogenous electron acceptor

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15
Q

Are many different energy sources funneled into common degradative pathways?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Catabolic pathways uses what as for the substrate for the next reaction?

A

product

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17
Q

Amphibolic pathways function as what kind of pathways?

A

catabolic and anabolic

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18
Q

What are some important amphibolic pathways?

A

TCA

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration involves what pathways?

A

Glycolysis
TCA
ETC

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20
Q

What does Aerobic respiration produce?

A

ATP and high energy electron carriers

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21
Q

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate uses what pathway?

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

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22
Q

Where does the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway take place?

A

cytoplasmic matrix of m.o, plants, and animals

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23
Q

What are the two phases of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

A

Six Carbon Phase

Three Carbon Phase

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24
Q

What is produced during the 6 Carbon Phase?

A

glucose
2ADP
2 Phosphates
2 NAD

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25
What is produced during the 3 Carbon Phase?
2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Hydrogen
26
During the oxidation step of the E.M Pathway, the oxidation step does what?
generates NADH to synthesize ATP
27
In the TCA cycle, for every acetyl-CoA oxidized what is generated?
2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP
28
How many ATP are synthesized directly from oxidation of glucose to CO2?
4
29
Where are most ATP made?
in the ETC
30
What does the ETC do with electrons?
moves them from NADH to FADH2, then to a terminal accepter O2
31
In the ETC, the carriers are used how?
reduced then reoxidized
32
The ETC creates what kind of force?
Proton Motive Force
33
Where are the bacterial and archaeal ETC located?
plasma membrane
34
Process by which ATP is synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by oxidation of chemical energy sources?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
35
What hypothesis explains oxidative phosphorylation?
Chemiosomotic Hypothesis
36
What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
protons move out of mitochondria as electrons move down the chain; the protons moving out makes a PMF
37
PMF drives the synthesis of what?
ATP
38
How many ATP are created during aerobic respiration?
38 is max; the range is 30-38
39
What gives the ATP production this range?
- Conditions of ETC - Under anaerobic-Glyclolysis makes 2 ATP - Environment
40
Anaerobic respiration uses what instead of O2?
electron carriers
41
Fermentation for anaerobic
-Oxidation of NADH -Pyruvate as electron acceptor -Oxygen not needed oxidative phosphorylation does not occur
42
What is another energy source that can be catabolized?
carbs
43
Monosaccharides are converted to what and enter what pathway?
sugar and glycolytic pathway
44
Disaccharides and polysaccharides are what?
cleaved
45
When are reserve polymers used?
in the absence of external nutrients
46
Common energy source and hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids?
Triglycerides
47
For lipid catabolism, glycerol is degraded how and fatty acids are degraded how?
glycolysis and Beta Oxidation
48
What hydrolyzes proteins to amino acids?
proteases
49
What is deamination?
removal of amino group from amino acids
50
What do chemolithotrophs carry out?
chemolithotrophy
51
For chemolithotrophy where does the electron go when it is released?
ETC
52
Less energy is available from what?
oxidation of inorganic molecules
53
What is the process of light trapped and converted to chemical energy?
photosynthesis
54
What are the two parts to photosynthesis?
Dark and Light reactions
55
What happens in light reactions?
energy is trapped and converted to chemical energy
56
What happens in dark reactions?
energy produced in light reactions is used to reduced CO2
57
What is released to the environment in light reactions?
oxygen
58
What are the major light absorbing pigments?
chlorophylls
59
What help transfer light energy to chlorophyll?
accessory pigments
60
How are chlorophyll arranged with accessory pigments?
Photosystems
61
What are organized chlorophyll and accessory pigments?
antennas
62
Noncylic electron flow produces what?
ATP and NADH
63
Cyclic Electron Flow produces what?
ATP
64
In anoxygenic reaction, what is not produced?
O2

BISC 260 (16 decks)

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