Chapter 10

Question 1

developmental psychology

Answer 1

the study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioral characteristics across the lifespan.

Question 2

Cross sectional design

Answer 2

testing samples consisting of different age groups at a given point of time.

Disad: cohort effects, people were born and grown up in different time periods.

Question 3

Longitudinal design

Answer 3

follows the development of the same indivs through time.

Disad: slow and participants may drop out b/c uninterested or move away. (attrition)

Question 4

stage models

Answer 4

stages of our life where there is stability and rapid changes of reorganization.

Question 5

Conception

Answer 5

ovum and sperm come together = zygote

Question 6

Germination

Answer 6

(conception-2 w)
where the zygote undergoes cell divisions
impantation, becomes a blastocyst, inner cells = embryo and outer cells = placent and hollow center.

Question 7

embryonic period

Answer 7

(2-8w)

develops limbs, NS, heart.

Question 8

fetal period

Answer 8

(9w-birth)

further developing the organs and limbs. Sleep and wake cycles, muscles develop.

Question 9

preterm infants

Answer 9

born in less than 36 weeks.
<30 = 90%
<25 = 50% + survive = perm damage

Question 10

reflexes

Answer 10

(last month of gestation) involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation. Help them adapt outside of the uterus.
innate responses to interacting with caregivers and eating.

Question 11

Myelination

Answer 11

begins prenatally, accelerates in infancy and childhood and continues gradually for many years.
- allows for voluntary motor control

Question 12

synaptogenesis

Answer 12

the forming of new synaptic connections –> blinding speeds

Question 13

synaptic pruning

Answer 13

the loss of weak nerve cell connections –> slow down at adolescence. both strengthen need connections and weed out the weak ones.

Question 14

sensitive period

Answer 14

window of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability. (indicate transition = rapid change)

Question 15

Piaget

Answer 15

• studied his own children, studied cognit devel from infancy to adol
• cognitive devel: study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan.
• learning = two central processes
  (1) assimilation
  (2) accommodation

cognitive devel divided into 4 distinct stages

Question 16

4 distinct stages of cog devel

Answer 16

sensorimotor –> direct interaction with their environment, object permanence
preoperational –> pretend play, language, symbols recog, conservation
concrete operational –> numerical manipulation, logical thinking, transitivity
formal operational –> scientific theory,

Question 17

core knowledge hypothesis

Answer 17

against piaget because he relied on verbal expression.
this tells us that we have inborn abilities that come with some key aspects of understanding their environment.

habituation
dishabituation

Question 18

lev vygotsky

Answer 18

zone of proximal development

scaffolding

Question 19

Harry Harlow

Answer 19

tested monkeys, proved evidence against that we only go to mothers for basic needs.

Question 20

Mary ainsworth

Answer 20

different response patterns to stranger anxiety.

strange situation

Question 21

different patterns

Answer 21

secure
insecure –> avoidant and anxious/ambivalent
disorganized

Question 22

self awareness

Answer 22

18-24 months

Question 23

erik ericson

Answer 23

development across the lifespan

8 crises

Question 24

8 crises

Answer 24

1. trust vs mistrust (infancy)
2. autonomy vs shame (toddlerhood)
3. initiative vs guilt (early childhood)
4. industry vs inferiority (childhood)
5. identity vs role confusion (adolescence)
6. intimacy vs isolation (young adult)
7. generativity vs stagnation(middle adult)
8. ego integrity vs despair(late adult)

Question 25

prosocial behaviour

Answer 25

behaviour that is respectful of others' needs and involves efforts to help them, while also ensuring that we are also treated with respect and that we get our own need met in ways that are fair and justified. have this at 1 day old, crying when others cry 1 y/o instrumental helping: getting things that are out of reach 2 y/o empathetic helping: trying to make someone feel better

Question 26

attachment behavioural system

Answer 26

focusing on meeting our own needs for security

Question 27

caregiving behavioural system

Answer 27

meeting the needs of others

Question 28

introjection is bad, inductive discipline is good

Answer 28

intro: internalization of the conditional regard of significant others. Pressure induct: explaining the consequences of a child's actions on other people, activating empathy for other's feeling.

Question 29

puberty

Answer 29

girls: 11 boys: 13

Question 30

menarche

Answer 30

12

Question 31

spermarche

Answer 31

14

Question 32

cognitive reframing

Answer 32

seeing mistakes as an opportunity to learn

Question 33

delay gratification

Answer 33

putting off immediate temptation in order to focus on your longer term goals.

Question 34

Kohlberg

Answer 34

moral development: learning right from wrong 3 stages problem: relied on what they say not what they actually do

Question 35

3 stages of moral development

Answer 35

1. preconventional morality --> self oriented, increase rewards, decrease punishments 2. conventional morality --> based on laws 3. postconventional morality --> justice, overlook laws

Question 36

gilligan

Answer 36

girls lead to decisions that result in social harmony

Question 37

haidt

Answer 37

social intuitionist model: moral decisions based on how we feel not what we think. ex. disgust

Question 38

romantic relationships %

Answer 38

40-50% (15-19 y/o) had intercourse 80% oral sex 60% same sex sexual interactions

Question 39

hamar tribe

Answer 39

boys reach adulthood when they jump over cows and strip

Question 40

fulani tribe

Answer 40

boys reach adulthood in a whipping competiition

Question 41

tacuna tribe

Answer 41

girls reach adulthood when they have menarche

Question 42

bar mitzvah

Answer 42

jewish boys: 13

Question 43

bat mitzvah

Answer 43

jewish girls 12

Question 44

japan

Answer 44

seijin shiki

Question 45

north america

Answer 45

17-18

Question 46

3 areas of personal growth in emerging adults

Answer 46

relationships new possibilities personal strength

Question 47

transition from young adult to middle adult

Answer 47

menopause, decrease in testosterone

Question 48

Gottman and levenson

Answer 48

the four horsemen of the apocalypse 1. criticism 2. defensiveness 3. contempt 4. stonewalling

Question 49

socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 49

older people have learned to select for themselves more positive and nourishing experiences

Question 50

dementia

Answer 50

mild severe disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, and poor judgement and decision making. 14% of those over 71 y/o.

Question 51

alzeheimers disease

Answer 51

a degenerative and terminal condition resulting in severe damage to the entire brain. 10% of the cases of dementia. usually occur 7-10 years before death. first sign: forgetting poor judgement, mood and personality changes progression: severe confusion, memory loss and forget family members. extreme: forget themselves and lose control of bodily functions

Question 52

cause of alzheimers

Answer 52

plaques --> protein build up between neurons | neurofibulary tangles --> protein tangles within cells