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Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world and self awareness.

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2
Q

biological rhythms

A

patterns in an organisms life that cycles within days, weeks, months, or years.

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3
Q

circannual rhythms

A

behaviour that happens on a yearly basis.

Ex: hibernation

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4
Q

infradian rhythms

A

any rhythm that occurs longer than a day

Ex: menstrual cycle

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5
Q

circadian rhythms

A

are internally driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes.

Ex: tendency to be awake and asleep certain times of the day, when you are hungry.

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6
Q

Why are we sleepy when its dark outside

A

daylight interacts with nervous and endocrine systems. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus receives light from retina. SCN communicates with pineal gland to release/ not to release melatonin.
Melatonin is high during the night and less during the day.

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7
Q

entrainment

A

when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temp or even a clock

Light is the main one

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8
Q

endogenous rhythms

A

biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light.

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9
Q

2 explanations for circadian rhythms

A

entrainment and endogenous rhythms.

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10
Q

polysomnography

A

a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

Thermometer for body temp
Mainly EEG

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11
Q

electroencephalogram

A

main device used to measure brain activity. Detect changes in electrical charges in the brain involving ion channels.

waveforms show as a result

beta waves or alpha waves

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12
Q

beta waves

A

high freq, low amp (wakefulness, irregular bursts)

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13
Q

alpha waves

A

low freq, high amp (falling asleep, meditating, daydreaming)

predictable

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14
Q

4 stages when asleep

A
  1. theta waves: brain waves slow down, increased amp
    still sensitive to noises
  2. 10-15 mins: brain waves continue to slow down, include sleep spindles (clusters of high freq and low amp) and sudden bursts of K complexes (increased amp)
  3. 20 mins –> delta waves: brain waves cont to slow down creating large looping waves that are high amp and low freq.
  4. deepest stage of sleep.
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15
Q

REM Sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement and rapid eye movements brain waves resemble those of an awake person (paradoxial sleep)

After REM sleep we cycle back to deep sleep and back to REM every 90-100 mins

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16
Q

restore and repair hypothesis

A

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the days activities.

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17
Q

preserve and protect hypothesis

A

suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm.

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18
Q

sleep deprivation

A

occurs when an indiv cannot or does not sleep

difficulties multitasking, maintaining attention for long periods of time, assessing risks, inhibiting responses.

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19
Q

sleep displacement

A

occurs when an indiv is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she maybe able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual.

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20
Q

jet lag

A

the discomfort of a person when sleep cycles are out of synch with light and darkness.

the amount depends on how many timezones passed and how fast.
easier when flying west –> easier to sleep later.

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21
Q

the psychoanalytic approach

A

developed by sigmund freud. dreams viewed as an unconscious wish fulfillment (sex and aggression) –> gender biased focused too much on childhood. The interpretations vary with interpreter.

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22
Q

manifest content

A

the images and story lines we dream about

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23
Q

intent content

A

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges.

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24
Q

dream work

A

a psychoanalyst technique in which the client records their dreams and the analyst tries to interpret their true meaning.

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25
Q

The activation synthesis hypothesis

A

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons.

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26
Q

activation

A

during rem stages pons sends bursts of neural actvity to the brain, this causes rapid eye movement and stimulates visual and auditory senses.

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27
Q

synthesis

A

higher area of brain, frontal lobes. organize info into a coherent story.

28
Q

problem solving theory

A

the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems while awake.

29
Q

insomnia

A

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

must last for 3 months, not described by how many hours slept

30
Q

onset insomnia

A

having difficulty falling asleep (30min or more)

31
Q

maintenance insomnia

A

when an indiv has difficulty falling asleep after waking up in the middle of the night

32
Q

terminal insomnia

A

or early morning insomnia, when you wake up too early and cant go back to sleep

33
Q

secondary insomnia

A

difficulty sleeping from another primary influence, like chronic pain, drug use, anxiety/depression, loud environment

34
Q

nightmares

A

are vivid disturbing dreams during rem sleep.

correlated with anxiety and stress

35
Q

night terrors

A

intense bursts or panic and arousal that awaken the indiv, typically in a heightened emotional state.

screaming, trying to fight back,
occur during NREM
cant recall dream

36
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

a persistent feeling of discomfort in legs and the urge to continuously shift them into different positions 5-10% of pop.

37
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking, occurs during nrem, stages 3 and 4, mostly children.

NOT acting out dreams, do not recall

38
Q

sexomnia

A

sleep sex. engaging in sexual activity

stage 3 and 4

39
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

acting out dreams

40
Q

sleep apnea

A

temporary inability to breathe during sleep

common in obese ppl, brain failure regulating respiration

41
Q

narcolepsy

A

experiencing extreme daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks

go into REM sleep right away for a few sec/mins

why? less orexin –> promotes wakefulness

42
Q

How to improve sleep

A
  1. use ur bed for sleep
  2. dont make sleep work
  3. keep ur clock out of sight
  4. exercise early
  5. avoid substances that disrupt sleep
  6. write down worries
  7. do something until sleepy
  8. get up at the same time
  9. see a sleep specialist
43
Q

hypnosis

A

a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility. not a trance

44
Q

ideomotor suggestions

A

actions that can be performed, such as adopting a specific position

45
Q

challenge suggestions

A

indicate actions that are not to be performed, so that the subject appears to lose the ability to perform an action.

cant say their name or move their arm

46
Q

cognitive perceptual suggestions

A

remembering and forgetting specific info, or experiencing altered perceptions such as reduced pain.

47
Q

dissociation theory

A

explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts:

  1. a lower level system (unconscious system) involved with perception and movement
  2. executive system that evaluates and monitors these behaviours.

whatever the hypnotist suggests seems to bypass the exec system.

48
Q

social cognitive theory

A

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility.

49
Q

cognitive hypnotherapy

A

effective treatment for depression, anxiety, eating disorders, hot flashes of cancer survivors and irritable bowel syndrome. (in combo with other treatments)

50
Q

brain death

A

a condition in which the brain no longer functions

51
Q

coma

A

complete loss of consciousness. damage to brainstem ad hemispheres.

absence of wakefulness and awareness of themselves and surroundings

52
Q

persisten vegetative state

A

a state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patients eyes may be open and the indiv will develop sleep wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness.

cannot track movement or objects in visual field, brainstem is ok, grey and white matter damaged, if symptoms dont improve in 3 months = permanent vegetative state.

53
Q

minimally conscious state

A

a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest atleast partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis.

some awareness of environment, yes/no responses, producing movement and reactions

54
Q

locked in syndrome

A

a disorder in which the patient is aware and awake by because of an inability to move his or her body appears unconscious.

damage to pons, remain paralyzed

55
Q

drugs

A

any substance that we ingest for the purpose of affecting some aspect of our physiology, not simple nourishment and satisfying eating.

56
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that effect our psychological state

57
Q

Short term effects caused by..

A
  1. altering the amount of neurotransmitters being released to the synapse
  2. preventing reuptake, which prolongs the influence on neurons
  3. blocking receptors
  4. binding to the receptor instead of the neurotransmitter
58
Q

tolerance

A

when repeated use of a drug results in the need for a higher dose to get the inteded effect.

59
Q

physical dependence

A

the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

having coffee, –> u get a head when u dont

60
Q

psychological dependence

A

occurs when emotional need for a drug develops with any underlying physical dependence

ward of negative emotions

61
Q

stimulants

A

speed up the activity of the nervous system, enhancing wakefulness and alterness

caffiene, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy

62
Q

hallucogens

A

substances that produce perceptual distortions (visual, auditory, or tactile)

may have long lasting effects, alters how they perceive their own thinking

short: special K, vitamin K and DMT
long: magic mushrooms and LSD

63
Q

marijuana

A

leaves and buds of cannabis that produces a combo of hallucinations, stimulant and relaxing narcotic effects.

tetrahydrocannabinol mimics anandamide

increased apetite, reduced pain

64
Q

opiates

A

narcotic drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria

runners high

oxycontin, tylenol 3, opium

65
Q

sedative

A

sometimes referred to as downers, depress activity of the CNS.

barbituates –> high dose fatal, and benzodiazepines (xanax, ativan, valium) –> increase GABA

66
Q

alcohol

A

increase the amount of GABA, disrupts motor activities
increase dopamine, endorpin. Numbing pain and feelings of pleasure at low doses.
depress frontal lobes which stop us from doing crazy things.

67
Q

ultradian rhythms

A

biological rhythms that last less than a day

Psychology (14 decks)

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