Chapter 12

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

consistent patterns of thought, feelings, and behaviours that define us across different situations and across time.

Question 2

two main approaches to personality research

Answer 2

Idiographic –> understanding the specific personality chracteristics that make a person unique.

nomothetic –> study aspects of personality across large groups to understand what features of personality distinguish different type of people.
finding the core personality traits that allow us to categorize people.
uses stats and objective measures.

Question 3

allport

Answer 3

generated a list of words that we use to describe people in english and attempted to group them into a smaller number of personality dimensions.

Question 4

barnum effect

Answer 4

any personality description presented to us can seem like an accurate description of our personality because we tend to only think of instances in our lives when the description applied to us.

Question 5

Bertram Forer’s study

Answer 5

made people fill out a personality test.

gave everyone the same personality result. they highly agreed.

Question 6

Cattell

Answer 6

studied peoples responses to questionnaires and then used factor analysis, when people made similar responses to different personality attributes.
- by this method he reduced hundreds of personality features to a smaller set of 16 categories that he viewed as the core dimensions of human personality.

THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL –> five core dimensions

Question 7

five core dimensions

Answer 7

1. openness
2. conscientiousness
3. extroversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

Question 8

Theodore adorno

Answer 8

created personality dimension –> authoritarian personality

Question 9

authoritarian personality

Answer 9

people high in this dimension cling stubbornly to their personal beliefs. have the feeling that they belong to a superior group –> us vs them thinking

explains the massacre of jews.

Question 10

Robert altemyer

Answer 10

identified the personality dimension –> RWA

3 components

simulation game

Question 11

3 components of RWA

Answer 11

1. tendency to obey orders
2. use violent acts to suppress the views opposed.
3. belief that the existing structure of rules should be maintained no matter what.

Question 12

Hexaco model of personality

Answer 12

emphasizes the honesty-humility dimension

high = honest and dont manipulate others. humble
low = lies and cheats to reach selfish goals. cocky.

Question 13

temperament

Answer 13

used to describe differences in patterns of babies’ behaviour, on dimensions like energy levels and moodiness.

+ correlation between temperament and future traits

3 classifications

Question 14

3 classifications

Answer 14

well adjusted: self control, confidence, calmness in new situations

undercontrolled: impulsive, emotionally unstable
inhibited: discomfort in new situations

Question 15

dark triad

Answer 15

traits that make someone evil

1. machiavellianism: manipulate peoples emotions for their selfish goals
2. psychopathy: no remorse.
3. narcissism: better than everyone

Question 16

five personality traits stabilize…..

Answer 16

early or middle age. 50 y/o

Question 17

situational states

Answer 17

how situation effects our emotion.

location, associations (who we are with), activities, our own current state.

Question 18

behaviourist view of personality

Answer 18

belief that our personality it formed from rewards and punishments

Question 19

Albert Bandura

Answer 19

social cognitive theory of personality

Question 20

social cognitive theory of personality

Answer 20

belief that rewards and punishments AND our own expectations of our own skills and abilities make up our personality and how we behave.

Reciprocal determinism: the belief that our behavioural tendencies rely on

1. rewards and punishments
2. internal thoughts and personal characteristics
3. external factors that are based on the situation we are in.

Question 21

weird cultures

Answer 21

industrialized, rich, democratic, educated countries

Question 22

Chinese core personality traits

Answer 22

1. dependability (neuroticism)
2. social potency (extraversion)
3. individualism (agreeableness)
4. interpersonal (related to skill in maintaining social harmony and respect for traditions)

Question 23

esssentializing

Answer 23

taking small differences from groups and saying they are completely different.

Question 24

Gender difference in personality

Answer 24

women greater in everything except openness.

Question 25

collective cultures

Answer 25

members tend to think of themselves in relation to others, are not as motivated to defend themselves against criticism, and are not as likely to take personal credit for accomplishments.

Question 26

individualist cultures

Answer 26

members tend to think in terms of their own personal characteristics, to be defensive when criticized, to emphasize their positive qualities, and to take personal credit for their accomplishments.

Question 27

Identical twins vs fraternal twins

Answer 27

``` IT = 0.5 FT = 0.2 ``` IT still greater when they are raised apart compared to FT who are raised together. can only be influenced by environment if very extreme

Question 28

Personality and the great tit (parus major)

Answer 28

two types: fast and slow exploring food is scarce: good for slow males and fast f plentiful: slow f and fast m.

Question 29

humorism

Answer 29

incorrect idea that illnesses and personality problems were both caused by imbalance body fluids or humors. phlegm, blood, black bile and yellow bile.

Question 30

phrenology

Answer 30

bumps on the head measured personality.

Question 31

eysenck

Answer 31

the arousal theory of extraversion. extroverts may require more stimulation to experience physiological arousal.

Question 32

ARAS

Answer 32

ascending reticular activating system, ARAS of introverts are more sensitive to lower levels of stimulation.

Question 33

Gray's approach/inhibition model of motivation

Answer 33

BAS and BIS

Question 34

BAS

Answer 34

behavioural activation system: our biological system for responding to rewards. It controls our arousal in pursuit of goals that we think will produce pleasant outcomes for us. Extraversion is dominant

Question 35

BIS

Answer 35

behavioural inhibition system: system for responding to punishments. it controls our sense of danger and discourages us from doing things that might result in punishment. Introversion is dominant

Question 36

Freud

Answer 36

first to treat mental disorders by long discussions. psychodynamic theory freudian slips

Question 37

psychodynamic theory

Answer 37

``` conscious = contact with outside world = ego unconscious = difficult to retrieve material; below surface of awareness = super ego, id. (strong control on us) ```

Question 38

freudian slips

Answer 38

say one thing but mean another

Question 39

reality principle

Answer 39

the act of the ego balancing the needs of the id and super ego.

Question 40

super ego and id driven by

Answer 40

anxiety and libido

Question 41

defence mechanisms

Answer 41

ways to reduce pressure from id and super ego.temporary, does not address route cause.

Question 42

rationalization

Answer 42

when we want to justify doing something morally wrong by developing an explanation as why is could be acceptable

Question 43

displacement

Answer 43

if the id wants to do something wrong, it will instead do something that will not result in punishment. Punching a wall instead of a person

Question 44

identification

Answer 44

to reduce feelings of insecurity about ourselves from the superego, borrow qualities from people we consider more terrific or powerful than we are. --> role models. pretending to be goku, when u wanna be strong

Question 45

projection

Answer 45

reducing anxiety by thinking that someone else may want the flaw u have or has the same flaw

Question 46

reaction formation

Answer 46

reducing anxiety from possessing a morally unacceptable impulse through the ego reinterpreting it as the opposite impulse.

Question 47

sublimation

Answer 47

reducing anxiety about wanting to engage in socially unacceptable behaviours by expressing that urge through some socially noble or respectable activity boxing