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Psychology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

consistent patterns of thought, feelings, and behaviours that define us across different situations and across time.

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2
Q

two main approaches to personality research

A

Idiographic –> understanding the specific personality chracteristics that make a person unique.

nomothetic –> study aspects of personality across large groups to understand what features of personality distinguish different type of people.
finding the core personality traits that allow us to categorize people.
uses stats and objective measures.

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3
Q

allport

A

generated a list of words that we use to describe people in english and attempted to group them into a smaller number of personality dimensions.

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4
Q

barnum effect

A

any personality description presented to us can seem like an accurate description of our personality because we tend to only think of instances in our lives when the description applied to us.

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5
Q

Bertram Forer’s study

A

made people fill out a personality test.

gave everyone the same personality result. they highly agreed.

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6
Q

Cattell

A

studied peoples responses to questionnaires and then used factor analysis, when people made similar responses to different personality attributes.
- by this method he reduced hundreds of personality features to a smaller set of 16 categories that he viewed as the core dimensions of human personality.

THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL –> five core dimensions

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7
Q

five core dimensions

A
  1. openness
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extroversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
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8
Q

Theodore adorno

A

created personality dimension –> authoritarian personality

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9
Q

authoritarian personality

A

people high in this dimension cling stubbornly to their personal beliefs. have the feeling that they belong to a superior group –> us vs them thinking

explains the massacre of jews.

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10
Q

Robert altemyer

A

identified the personality dimension –> RWA

3 components

simulation game

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11
Q

3 components of RWA

A
  1. tendency to obey orders
  2. use violent acts to suppress the views opposed.
  3. belief that the existing structure of rules should be maintained no matter what.
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12
Q

Hexaco model of personality

A

emphasizes the honesty-humility dimension

high = honest and dont manipulate others. humble
low = lies and cheats to reach selfish goals. cocky.
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13
Q

temperament

A

used to describe differences in patterns of babies’ behaviour, on dimensions like energy levels and moodiness.

+ correlation between temperament and future traits

3 classifications

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14
Q

3 classifications

A

well adjusted: self control, confidence, calmness in new situations

undercontrolled: impulsive, emotionally unstable
inhibited: discomfort in new situations

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15
Q

dark triad

A

traits that make someone evil

  1. machiavellianism: manipulate peoples emotions for their selfish goals
  2. psychopathy: no remorse.
  3. narcissism: better than everyone
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16
Q

five personality traits stabilize…..

A

early or middle age. 50 y/o

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17
Q

situational states

A

how situation effects our emotion.

location, associations (who we are with), activities, our own current state.

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18
Q

behaviourist view of personality

A

belief that our personality it formed from rewards and punishments

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19
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social cognitive theory of personality

20
Q

social cognitive theory of personality

A

belief that rewards and punishments AND our own expectations of our own skills and abilities make up our personality and how we behave.

Reciprocal determinism: the belief that our behavioural tendencies rely on

  1. rewards and punishments
  2. internal thoughts and personal characteristics
  3. external factors that are based on the situation we are in.
21
Q

weird cultures

A

industrialized, rich, democratic, educated countries

22
Q

Chinese core personality traits

A
  1. dependability (neuroticism)
  2. social potency (extraversion)
  3. individualism (agreeableness)
  4. interpersonal (related to skill in maintaining social harmony and respect for traditions)
23
Q

esssentializing

A

taking small differences from groups and saying they are completely different.

24
Q

Gender difference in personality

A

women greater in everything except openness.

25
Q

collective cultures

A

members tend to think of themselves in relation to others, are not as motivated to defend themselves against criticism, and are not as likely to take personal credit for accomplishments.

26
Q

individualist cultures

A

members tend to think in terms of their own personal characteristics, to be defensive when criticized, to emphasize their positive qualities, and to take personal credit for their accomplishments.

27
Q

Identical twins vs fraternal twins

A 
IT = 0.5
FT = 0.2

IT still greater when they are raised apart compared to FT who are raised together.

can only be influenced by environment if very extreme

28
Q

Personality and the great tit (parus major)

A

two types: fast and slow exploring
food is scarce: good for slow males and fast f
plentiful: slow f and fast m.

29
Q

humorism

A

incorrect idea that illnesses and personality problems were both caused by imbalance body fluids or humors.
phlegm, blood, black bile and yellow bile.

30
Q

phrenology

A

bumps on the head measured personality.

31
Q

eysenck

A

the arousal theory of extraversion. extroverts may require more stimulation to experience physiological arousal.

32
Q

ARAS

A

ascending reticular activating system, ARAS of introverts are more sensitive to lower levels of stimulation.

33
Q

Gray’s approach/inhibition model of motivation

A

BAS and BIS

34
Q

BAS

A

behavioural activation system: our biological system for responding to rewards. It controls our arousal in pursuit of goals that we think will produce pleasant outcomes for us.

Extraversion is dominant

35
Q

BIS

A

behavioural inhibition system: system for responding to punishments. it controls our sense of danger and discourages us from doing things that might result in punishment.

Introversion is dominant

36
Q

Freud

A

first to treat mental disorders by long discussions.
psychodynamic theory
freudian slips

37
Q

psychodynamic theory

A 
conscious = contact with outside world = ego
unconscious = difficult to retrieve material; below surface of awareness = super ego, id. (strong control on us)
38
Q

freudian slips

A

say one thing but mean another

39
Q

reality principle

A

the act of the ego balancing the needs of the id and super ego.

40
Q

super ego and id driven by

A

anxiety and libido

41
Q

defence mechanisms

A

ways to reduce pressure from id and super ego.temporary, does not address route cause.

42
Q

rationalization

A

when we want to justify doing something morally wrong by developing an explanation as why is could be acceptable

43
Q

displacement

A

if the id wants to do something wrong, it will instead do something that will not result in punishment. Punching a wall instead of a person

44
Q

identification

A

to reduce feelings of insecurity about ourselves from the superego, borrow qualities from people we consider more terrific or powerful than we are. –> role models.
pretending to be goku, when u wanna be strong

45
Q

projection

A

reducing anxiety by thinking that someone else may want the flaw u have or has the same flaw

46
Q

reaction formation

A

reducing anxiety from possessing a morally unacceptable impulse through the ego reinterpreting it as the opposite impulse.

47
Q

sublimation

A

reducing anxiety about wanting to engage in socially unacceptable behaviours by expressing that urge through some socially noble or respectable activity

boxing

Psychology (14 decks)

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