Chapter 15 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Clinical Psych
A
area of psych devoted to understand and treating mental disorder
2
Q
trepanning
A
in middle ages, mental disorder rose from evil spirits and possessions
trepanning
3
Q
trepanning
A
hole drilled into skull to release spirits
4
Q
Although mental disorders started to be viewed as having a biological cause… inappropriate use of treatments were used
A
caging- restrict movement birching- beating the disorder out tranquilizer- minimize sensory outputs water therapy- spray out the disorder bloodletting- remove bad blood rotational therapy-shock and vomit
5
Q
philippe pinel and dorothea dix
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Moral treatment movement
- treat people that are instituationalized the same as normal people.
6
Q
pharmaceutical solution
A
chloropromazine, eliminated worst symptoms
7
Q
The medical model
A
approach focusing on reducing mental disorder symptoms, but the root causes of mental disorder are far more complicated.
not good for physical illnesses either
8
Q
Statistical abnormality
A
defining a mental disorder based on statistics of that behaviour or symptom in a community during that time
Not good
9
Q
Maladaptive behaviour
A
best way to identify you might have a mental disorder
- distress
- impair daily functioning
- increase the likelihood that the person or those around them will experience harm or injury.
10
Q
DSM-5
A
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
2013 3 types of info 1. describes the number and types of symptoms that define that disorder. 2. typical etiology (cause) 3. pronosis (progress)
11
Q
criticism of DSM5
A
- different therapist will diagnose diff disorders for same person
- what is viewed as a mental disorder changes over time
- Labelling someone with a mental disorder, seemed unchangeable, permanent
- some diagnoses might be a way to justify controlling inconvenient behaviour with meds, rather than representing an actual mental disorder.
- the number of symptoms a person must have to receive a disorder is arbitrary and determining who does vs who doesnt have a symptom can be subjective.
12
Q
david rosenham
A
being sane in insane place study
13
Q
mental disorder defense
A
explaining criminal records as a conseq. of extreme and abnormal state of mind.
14
Q
Personality disorders
A
the patterns of maladaptive behaviour, emotional reactions, or patterns of thinking are very resistant to change.
Behavior that define these disorders are
- quite rare within one’s culture
- maladaptive
15
Q
how many personality disorder is DSM5
A
10 –> in 3 clusters
16
Q
Cluster A
A
statistically unusual and problematic behaviour patterns
Paranoid PD
Schizoid PD
Schizotypal PD
17
Q
Paranoid PD
A
irrational fearful and untrusting
18
Q
Schizoid PD
A
socially uninterested; not influence by other’s opinions
19
Q
Schizotypal PD
A
highly superstitious, unusually religious and eccentric.
20
Q
Cluster B
A
unpredictable and unusual emotional reaction and emotion-related behavior Antisocial borderline histrionic narcissistic
21
Q
antisocial
A
no remorse, no empathy, and prone to cruelty and risk taking
22
Q
borderline
A
wildly fluctuate from + to - emotional states
23
Q
histrionic
A
outrageous types who must be centre of attention
24
Q
narcissistic
A
nobody is better
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avoidant
feelings of social inadequacy, sensitive to rejection
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dependent
excessively needy in social rel.
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obsessive-compulsive
rigid, perfectionist behavior
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borderline PD
fluctuate - and + states
cant maintain long term rel. possessive, manipulate friends and partners to control jealousy and fear of abandonment
result of abusive, bad parenting
manage emotions by self destructive behaviours, cutting, substance abuse, gambling
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narcissistic PD
im the best
unethical to those who are threats
throw fits when dont get what they want
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histrionic pd
center of attention
charming provacative outrageous
to get attention risky behaviour.
aggressive at defending against threats to their role as the most popular.
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antisocial PD
no remorse.
selfish, will lie, cheat, steal, abuse others to achieve goals.
cause pain to others and animals
clever ones will hide tracks, punishments are not seen as deterrent, just an obstacle.
low baseline for stimulation causes them to act in violent behaviours
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psychological influences on PDs
low confidence and fear that they are worthless -> Narcissistic and histrionic
lack of confidence --> borderline, also lack of sense of self
absence of normal stress responses --> antisocial
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Environmental influences
for all 4 --> childhood physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or neglect are major risk factors
APD --> numbness from childhood treated with extreme cruelty
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Biological influences
from genes that generate high responsiveness in emotion related brain areas.
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co-morbidity
when a person possesses the features of more than one mental disorder.
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dissociative identity disorders --> falls under dissociative disorders.
Multiple personality disorder, involve severe disconnection between a persons conscious awareness and their feelings, behaviours, or memories or even their own identity.
37
Dissociative fugue
indiv loses large chunks of their identity and personal history, in the absence of any neurological damage.
usually happens after a traumatic event, to forget what happened.
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depersonalization disorder
indiv develops the strong impression that they are not actually a part of their own body.
body belongs to another entity.
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Dissociative amnesia
loses their memory for significant chunks of their life experience, without any neurological basis for explaining it.
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
when a person experiences their personality as having divided into separate entities called alters.
emerges to protect part of one's consciousness from the pain of emotionally traumatic experiences.
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anxiety disorders
Characterized by fear responses that are out of proportion to the true threat posed by the source of one's fear.
maladaptive because --> they limit their life experiences to avoid anxiety
fight or flight.
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General anxiety disorder (GAD)
react with intense fear to normal daily stressor/life challenges
constantly worrying that bad things will happen to them even if the chances of that is low.
occupy their minds, cant sleep, avoid social situations
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panic disorder
state of anxiety is not constant, extreme unpredictable burst of fear and dread.
10 mins long, state of calmness after.
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agoraphobia
occurs when a person's fear of having a panic attack in public causes them to avoid public places.
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specific phobias
indiv possesses extreme, irrational fear of particular objects, activities or organisms.
more likely to occur in those who are more emotionally reactive.
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social phobias
chronic concerns over being judged negatively by other and constant fear of being publicly humiliated.
extreme discomfort in crowds.
maintain strict routines
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Best way to overcome fears to anxiety, specific and social phobias
exposure
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obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
combo of irrational, persistent thought (or obsessions) and the irresistible urge to engage in repetitive behaviours (or compulsions)
separate disorder all by itself.
49
disorders responsive to treatments are..
Anxiety and OCDs.
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mood disorders
these disorders all relate to sever disruptions in a person\s emotional state, typically resulting in maladaptive behaviours and thought patterns.
10% of Canada and US.
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Types of mood disorders
major depression and bipolar disorder
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major depression
lengthy, period of deep sadness, the perception of oneself as incompetent and worthless, and the belief that nothing in one's life will ever improve.
thought processes filled with -tivity and unpleasant memories
impairments in decision making and memory
physical symptoms: fatigue, digestive problems, sleeping troubles, headaches, and joint pain, mental confusion, memory problems and irritability.
find that their lives are getting worse overtime.
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Bipolar disorder
alternating periods of + moods and - moods.
length of time can vary.
shifts in self esteem
2 phases--> 1. manic phase, 2. depressive phase
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manic phase
participation in risky behaviours and generates a tendency to push beyond the limits of one's physical and mental capabilties.
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depressive phase
embarrassed of their behaviours. regret what they did in manic.
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% in one year bipolar vs major depression
| % lifetime
2.5% and 7%
| 4% and 16%
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personal attributions
thinking ur failures and difficulties are a result of your own personal abilities and character.
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stable attributions
thinking one's flaws cannot be changed as a result of their failures.
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global attributions
interpreting failures and difficulties in one area as reflecting a general ineptness and lack of capacity to achieve positive results in any area.
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the biological basis of major depression
genetic component shown by twin studies
```
serotonin circuits
- maintain energy levels and emotion
- underactive when disorder is there
- low levels of serotonin = low energy
Two major brain structures
- limbic system
-->emotions and processing emotionally charged info. Overactive.
- dorsal region of frontal lobes
--> maintain concentration and inhibit - thoughts
--> inactive
```
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sociocultural basis of major dep.
living in poverty
| fewer opportunities to cope with stress, social support because everyone already focused on themselves.
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% of mood disorders and anxiety disorder and schizophrenia
29% anxiety
20 mood
1.1 schiz.
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schizophrenia
severe disruption in the association between a person's thought about and perception of reality.
often disorganized and incoherent thought
symptoms may be gradual or rapid
arise from combo of genetics and environment
mostly found in people who lack social support from family. also traumatic events.
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Phases of schiz.
prodromal phase, active phase, residual phase
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prodromal phase
indiv experiences cognitive deficits, and increase in confusion and problems maintaining logical thinking.
person becomes more socially isolated, spending more time with their disturbing thoughts.
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active phase
person will develop strange delusions (or beliefs about themselves, other people or the world that are simply not consistent with reality)
vivid disturbing hallucinations
structure of thoughts and speech become illogical and incoherent, emotions and behaviour become strange, unpredictable and erratic. --> starts in prodromal
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residual phase
the most prominent symptoms decline, but a very suppressed willingness to engage in activities or social contact often remains.
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Subtypes of schiz
paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual
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paranoid schiz
symptoms: paranoid delusions
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disorganized schiz
the dominant symptoms are incoherent and illogical thoughts, behaviours and emotional reactions
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catatonic schiz
personal may remain paralyzed in very unusual positions, for extremely long periods of time.
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undifferentiated schiz
combo of symptoms of other subtypes.
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residual schiz
symptoms are typical either the prodromal or residual phase.
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+ symptoms of schiz
symptoms that result in engaging maladaptive behaviours
| ex: hallucination, delusions and disorganized thinking
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- symptoms of schiz
symptoms that generate an absence of adaptive behaviours
| ex: flat effect, social isolation, lack of motivation
76
biological basis of schiz
twin adoption and family studies show there is a genetic influence.
linked to deficiencies in the prefrontal cortex
- region is resp for planning and motivation and keeping our conscious thoughts and perceptions organized.
the brain ventricles tend to be larger. b/c less brain matter in limbic sys.
overactive dopamine circuits --> hallucinations and delusions
underactive glutamate circuits, causing impairments in memory, organized thinking, motivation, and impulse control.
77
environmental basis of schiz
those born in the winter --> mothers get sick
maternal stress during preg and experiencing high stress levels or abuse during childhood.
78
neurodevelopmental hypothesis
the idea that schiz originates from - events very early in a person's life, including during the utero.
79
HIGH EE families
high in emotional-expressiveness
- critical, impatient, intolerant
- increase severity of schiz by 3-4 times within 9 months.
80
LOW-EE
supportive, and non judgmental, reduce symptoms,
