Chapter 11

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

psychological and biological relations of which cause us to act towards potential goals

Question 2

Drives

Answer 2

stimulation that our brain generates to push us to address basic biological needs

Question 3

allostasis

Answer 3

processes that allow us to develop a state of readiness for anticipated future demands on our biological systems.

Question 4

Detecting glucse

Answer 4

glucostats in hypo.

low glucose –> hypo stim feelings of hunger –> we eat, expansion of intestines –> CCK –> enough cck = full

Question 5

unit bias

Answer 5

the bias to behave as though the amount of food we receive is just the right amount for us to achieve satiation.

Question 6

social facilitation

Answer 6

eating more because of the behaviour and expectations of other people.

ex: eating less would offend a dinner host

Question 7

minimal eating norm

Answer 7

social contexts that discourage very much eating.

ex: on a date

Question 8

modeling

Answer 8

when the behaviours of other during a social event causes us to restrain our appetite.

Question 9

increase in obesity and overweight

Answer 9

20 and 60

Question 10

reproduction suppression hypothesis

Answer 10

eating disorders = low body fat = amenorrhea

Question 11

sex drive

Answer 11

the human need for sexual contact, biological need, = libido

Question 12

alfred kinsey

Answer 12

studied human sexuality

kinsey scale: homosexuality and heterosexuality are two extremes of sexual orientation continuum.

Question 13

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Answer 13

studied physiological responses to having sex

had volunteers have intercourse.
- continuous sexual response cycle for m and f.

1. excitement
2. plateau
3. orgasm
4. resolution

Question 14

female vs male cycles

Answer 14

females have more variation because they do not reach orgasm as often.
21-32% do not, whereas for males this is only 2%

also because females can orgasm more than once without a refractory period.

psychological experience is the same tho.

Question 15

hypothalamus

Answer 15

generates the orgasm and secretes oxytocin after.

Question 16

Sexual scripts

Answer 16

socially and culturally defined expectations about the sexual behaviours of male and female members of a society.

men = playboys
f = face scorn for doing this

Question 17

Gender equality trends

Answer 17

1. women rights movement
2. women working, getting their on salaries
3. invention of the birth control pill

Question 18

sex in ads

Answer 18

27 clothing
29 meds
36 beauty
38 health

27 ads were charged

Question 19

Abraham Maslow

Answer 19

Hierarchy of needs –> different motivations are more important than others. must fulfill lower ones before going higher.

Bottom-up
physiological needs
safety needs
belongingness and love needs 
esteem needs 
cognitive needs
aesthetic needs
self actualization needs

Question 20

belongingness

Answer 20

fulfilled when the relationship is thought to be permanent

ultimate fulfillment = love

Question 21

passionate love

Answer 21

love that is tied to physical attraction and the intense desire to have sexual contact with the other person.

personal pain and euphoria, honeymoon phase

Question 22

companionate love

Answer 22

love emerging from feelings of warmth, contentment, trust, as well as deep knowledge of the other person and strong admiration for them.

strongly related to long term rel.

Question 23

esteem needs

Answer 23

AKA = achievement motivations

achieving goals that are prestigious

they stimulate approach goals –> money, self esteem, popularity
stimultes avoidance goals too –> embarrassment, emotional pain, and financial losses.

preferences, environment determines whether they think they will succeed.

Question 24

universal needs

Answer 24

1. relatedness: need to feel connected to others
2. autonomy: control over life
3. competence: the ability to develop a satisfying level of skill in some area.

Question 25

self efficacy

Answer 25

one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Question 26

self determination theory

Answer 26

competence, autonomy, relatedness our ability to succeed in achieving our goals, our happiness, and our health depends on whether we have control over our ability to achieve those goals.

Question 27

the over justification effect

Answer 27

applying extrinsic rewards to an intrinsically enjoyable behaviour can cause people to enjoy the behaviour less and may reduce their motivation to engage in the behaviour ex: betting in sports

Question 28

Essential components to emotional experiences

Answer 28

1. brain activity/phsiological arousal 2. a conscious experience or thought 3. a behavioural expression MUST BE ALL 3

Question 29

stages of the emotional experience

Answer 29

1. initial response stage 2. autonomic response stage 3. emotion response stage 4. emotional reaction stage

Question 30

James lange theory

Answer 30

sensory stim --> stim received --> emotional expression and physiological response --> emotional experience (Fear)

Question 31

cannon bard theory

Answer 31

some organs are not quick enough to respond to emotional stimuli (physiological response) - emotional expression and emotional experience at the same time.

Question 32

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 32

james lange --> facial expression comes before emotional experience. when we smile we feel happy

Question 33

schachter and singer

Answer 33

two factor theory | stimulus (dog) --> physiological response (eyes dilate) --> cognitive appraisal --> cognitive feeling of fear.

Question 34

s and s experiment

Answer 34

epinephrine injection

Question 35

Paul ekman

Answer 35

how emotion determine our facial expressions facial expressions might be innately acquired for survival benefits from our ancestors. discovered CROSS CULTURAL CONSISTENCY associated with 6 basic emotions. - people had no difficulty identifying the facial expression of other cultures.

Question 36

6 basic emotions

Answer 36

``` fear anger disgust sadness happiness surprised ```

Question 37

emotional dialects

Answer 37

differences in emotional expression tendencies across cultures. ex: different greetings

Question 38

display rules

Answer 38

the contexts in which members of a culture consider expressing emotions to be appropriate.