Chapter 10 - Digestion Flashcards
1
Q
animals are
heterotrophic or autotrophic
A
heterotrophic
2
Q
because animals are heterotrophic, they
A
are unable to synthesize their own nutrients
3
Q
food provides raw material for
A
energy
repair
growth of tissues
4
Q
in order to get energy, repair and growth of tissues, food must be
A
ingested
5
Q
digestion
A
degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules
6
Q
the degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules allows for their
A
absorption into the bloodstream
7
Q
once these smaller molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream, they can be
A
used directly by cells
8
Q
intracellular digestion
A
occurs within the cell
usually in membrane-bound vesicles
9
Q
extracellular digestion
A
digestive process that occurs outside of the cell
within a lumen or tract
10
Q
in unicellular organisms, food capture is primarily via
A
phagocytosis
11
Q
immediately following food ingestion, ____ form
unicellular organisms
A
food vacuoles
12
Q
in the amoeba (unicellular), _____ surround and engulf food
A
pseudopods
13
Q
phagocytosis
A
surround and engulf (food)
14
Q
once pseudopods surround and engulf food, (amoeba)
A
enclose it in food vacuoles
15
Q
lysosomes contain
A
digestive enzymes
16
Q
lysosomes fuse with the
amoeba
A
food vacuole
17
Q
once lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole, they
amoeba
A
release their digestive enzymes
18
Q
the digestive enzymes of the lysosome act upon the
amoeba
A
nutrients in the food vacuoles
19
Q
after the enzymes act upon the nutrients in the food vacuoles, the simpler molecules
(amoeba)
A
diffuse into the cytoplasm
20
Q
the unusable end-products are
amoeba
A
eliminated from the vacuole
21
Q
in the paramecium (unicellular)-
_____ sweep food into the oral groove and cytopharynx
A
cilia
22
Q
____ forms around food at the lower end of the cytopharynx
paramecium
A
food vacuole
23
Q
after food vacuole forms around the food at the lower end of the cytopharynx,
(paramecium)
A
the vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm
24
Q
after the food vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm,
paramecium
A
it progresses towards the anterior end of the cell
25
_____ are secreted into the vacuole
| paramecium
enzymes
26
after enzymes are secreted into the vacuole
| paramecium
the products diffuse into the cytoplasm
27
solid wastes are expelled at the
| paramecium
anal pore
28
physical breakdown of food begins with
cutting and grinding in the mouth
and
churning in the digestive tract
29
after physical breakdown, the molecular composition is ______
unchanged
30
physical breakdown of large particles of food to small particles provides a
greater surface area of the substrates for the enzymes to act on
31
chemical breakdown of molecules is accomplished by
enzymatic hydrolysis
32
the smaller digested nutrients are able to
pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells
33
examples of smaller digested nutrients
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
glycerol
34
after the smaller digested nutrients pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells, they are
further metabolized or transported
35
the hydra (cnidarians) uses _____ and ____ for digestion
intracelllular;
| extracellular
36
_____ bring food to the mouth (ingestion)
| hydra
tentacles
37
after the tentacles bring the food to the mouth
| hydra
they release the particles into a cup-like sac
38
gastrovascular cavity lined with
endodermal cells
39
endodermal cells that line the gastrovascular cavity secrete
enzymes into the cavity
40
digestion mostly occurs
outside the cells (extracellular)
41
once the food is reduced to small fragments, the ____ engulf the nutrients
gastrodermal cells
42
once the gastrodermal cells engulf the nutrients
digestion is completed intracellularly
43
undigested food is
expelled through the mouth
44
every cell is exposed to the
external environment
45
intracellular digestion is facilitated by the fact that
every cell is exposed to the external environment
46
annelids, like higher animals have a
one-way digestive tract
47
one-way digestive tract includes
| annelids
both mouth and anus
48
one-way digestive tract allows for
| annelids
specialization of different parts of the digestive tract for different functions
49
digestive tract parts include
| annelids
```
mouth
pharynx
espohagus
crop
gizzard
intestine
anus
```
50
crop
| annelids
store food
51
gizzard
| annelids
grind food
52
intestine
| annelids
contains large dorsal fold (typholosole) to provide increased surface area for digestion and absorption
53
typholosole
| annelids
large dorsal fold in the intestine
| provides increased surface area for digestion and absorption
54
soluble food passes by ____
| annelids
diffusion
55
solid food passes by diffusion through
| annelids
walls of small intestine into blood
56
insects (arthropods) have a digestive system similar to a
earthworm (annelids)
57
insects (arthropods), in addition to the parts of the earthworm, have
salivary glands (digestive glands)
58
salivary glands (digestive glands) in arthropods (insects) improve
food digestion
59
the human digestive tract begins with the
oral cavity
60
human digestive tract components
```
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
```
61
accessory organs of the human digestive tract are
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
62
accessory glands play essential role in
digestion
63
the oral cavity (mouth) is where ____ begins
mechanical and chemical digestion of food begins
64
mechanical digestion
breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles
| through mastication
65
mastication
biting and chewing action of teeth
66
chemical digestion
enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into smaller molecules
67
chemical and mechanical digestion both begin in the
mouth
68
chemical digestion begins in the mouth when
salivary glands secrete saliva
69
saliva
lubricates food to facilitate swallowing
| provides a solvent for food particles
70
saliva is secreted in response to
nervous reflex triggered by presence of food in the oral cavity
71
nervous reflex which secretes saliva is triggered by
presence of food in the oral cavity
72
saliva contains the enzyme
salivary amylase (ptyalin)
73
salivary amylase (ptyalin)
hydrolyzes starch to maltose
74
maltose is a type of
disaccharide
75
esophagus
muscular tube leading from mouth to the stomach
76
food is moved down the esophagus by
rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contractions called peristalsis
77
peristalsis
rhythmic waves of involuntary muscle contractions
78
stomach
| description
large
| muscular organ
79
stomach
| location
upper abdomen
80
stomach ____ and _____ food
stores;
| partially digests
81
walls of the stomach are lined by the
thick gastric mucosa
82
thick gastric mucosa which lines stomach contains
glands
83
glands of the thick gastric mucosa secrete
mucus
84
mucus secreted by glands of thick gastric mucosa
protect stomach lining from harshly acidic juices (pH = 2) in the stomach
85
in addition to mucus, glands of stomach also secrete
pepsin;
| HCl
86
pepsin
protein-hydrolyzing enzyme
87
HCl
kills bacteria
dissolves intercellular "glue" holding food tissues together
activates certain proteins
88
churning of the stomach produces
chyme
89
chyme
acidic, semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food
90
after produced in stomach, chyme passes into
first segment of small intestine, the duodenum, through the pyloric sphincter
91
duodenum
first segment of small intestine
92
chemical digestion is completed in the
small intestine
93
the small intestine is divided into ___ sections
3
94
3 sections of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
95
the small intestine is highly adapted to ____
absorption
96
the intestine is extremely long and highly coiled in order to
maximize surface area available for digestion and absorption
97
length of intestine
greater than 6 meters
98
villi
numerous finger-like projections that extend out of the intestinal wall
99
villi contain
capillaries and lacteals
100
lacteals
vessels of the lymphatic system
101
amino acids and monosaccharides pass through the _____ into the _____
villi walls;
| capillary system
102
large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the
lacteals
103
after the large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the lacteals, they are
reconverted into fats
104
fat =
fatty acid + glycerol
105
some nutrients are _____ while others are _____ in the intestine
actively absorbed;
| passively absorbed
106
active absorption means
requires energy
107
nutrients that are actively absorbed in the intestine
glucose;
| amino acids
108
most digestion in the small intestine occurs in the
duodenum
109
in addition to most digestion, the duodenum is the site where secretions from the ___, ____. ____, ____ mix together with the _____ entering from the _____
```
intestinal glands,
pancreas,
liver,
gall bladder
acidic chyme entering;
stomach
```
110
intestinal mucosa secretes (3)
lipases
aminopeptidases
disaccharides
111
lipases secreted from intestinal mucosa for
enzyme for fat digestion
112
aminopeptidases secreted from intestinal mucosa for
enzymes for polypeptide digestion
113
disaccharides secreted from intestinal mucosa for
digestion of maltose, lactose, sucrose
114
lactase
disaccharide
| breaks down lactose (milk sugar)
115
lactase is present in ____ but many ____ lack the enzyme
infants;
| adults
116
those who lack lactase are
lactose intolerant
117
lactose in the small intestine
cannot be digested
118
since lactose in the small intestine cannot be digested, it is
metabolized by bacteria
119
the metabolism of lactose by bacteria in the small intestine causes
intestinal discomfort
120
121
because animals are heterotrophic, they
are unable to synthesize their own nutrients
122
food provides raw material for
energy
repair
growth of tissues
123
in order to get energy, repair and growth of tissues, food must be
ingested
124
digestion
degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules
125
the degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules allows for their
absorption into the bloodstream
126
once these smaller molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream, they can be
used directly by cells
127
intracellular digestion
occurs within the cell
| usually in membrane-bound vesicles
128
extracellular digestion
digestive process that occurs outside of the cell
| within a lumen or tract
129
in unicellular organisms, food capture is primarily via
phagocytosis
130
immediately following food ingestion, ____ form
| unicellular organisms
food vacuoles
131
in the amoeba (unicellular), _____ surround and engulf food
pseudopods
132
phagocytosis
surround and engulf (food)
133
once pseudopods surround and engulf food, (amoeba)
enclose it in food vacuoles
134
lysosomes contain
digestive enzymes
135
lysosomes fuse with the
| amoeba
food vacuole
136
once lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole, they
| amoeba
release their digestive enzymes
137
the digestive enzymes of the lysosome act upon the
| amoeba
nutrients in the food vacuoles
138
after the enzymes act upon the nutrients in the food vacuoles, the simpler molecules
(amoeba)
diffuse into the cytoplasm
139
the unusable end-products are
| amoeba
eliminated from the vacuole
140
in the paramecium (unicellular)-
| _____ sweep food into the oral groove and cytopharynx
cilia
141
____ forms around food at the lower end of the cytopharynx
| paramecium
food vacuole
142
after food vacuole forms around the food at the lower end of the cytopharynx,
(paramecium)
the vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm
143
after the food vacuole breaks off into the cytoplasm,
| paramecium
it progresses towards the anterior end of the cell
144
_____ are secreted into the vacuole
| paramecium
enzymes
145
after enzymes are secreted into the vacuole
| paramecium
the products diffuse into the cytoplasm
146
solid wastes are expelled at the
| paramecium
anal pore
147
physical breakdown of food begins with
cutting and grinding in the mouth
and
churning in the digestive tract
148
after physical breakdown, the molecular composition is ______
unchanged
149
physical breakdown of large particles of food to small particles provides a
greater surface area of the substrates for the enzymes to act on
150
chemical breakdown of molecules is accomplished by
enzymatic hydrolysis
151
the smaller digested nutrients are able to
pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells
152
examples of smaller digested nutrients
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
glycerol
153
after the smaller digested nutrients pass through the semi-permeable plasma membrane of the gut cells, they are
further metabolized or transported
154
the hydra (cnidarians) uses _____ and ____ for digestion
intracelllular;
| extracellular
155
_____ bring food to the mouth (ingestion)
| hydra
tentacles
156
after the tentacles bring the food to the mouth
| hydra
they release the particles into a cup-like sac
157
gastrovascular cavity lined with
endodermal cells
158
endodermal cells that line the gastrovascular cavity secrete
enzymes into the cavity
159
digestion mostly occurs
outside the cells (extracellular)
160
once the food is reduced to small fragments, the ____ engulf the nutrients
gastrodermal cells
161
once the gastrodermal cells engulf the nutrients
digestion is completed intracellularly
162
undigested food is
expelled through the mouth
163
every cell is exposed to the
external environment
164
intracellular digestion is facilitated by the fact that
every cell is exposed to the external environment
165
annelids, like higher animals have a
one-way digestive tract
166
one-way digestive tract includes
| annelids
both mouth and anus
167
one-way digestive tract allows for
| annelids
specialization of different parts of the digestive tract for different functions
168
digestive tract parts include
| annelids
```
mouth
pharynx
espohagus
crop
gizzard
intestine
anus
```
169
crop
| annelids
store food
170
gizzard
| annelids
grind food
171
intestine
| annelids
contains large dorsal fold (typholosole) to provide increased surface area for digestion and absorption
172
typholosole
| annelids
large dorsal fold in the intestine
| provides increased surface area for digestion and absorption
173
soluble food passes by ____
| annelids
diffusion
174
solid food passes by diffusion through
| annelids
walls of small intestine into blood
175
insects (arthropods) have a digestive system similar to a
earthworm (annelids)
176
insects (arthropods), in addition to the parts of the earthworm, have
salivary glands (digestive glands)
177
salivary glands (digestive glands) in arthropods (insects) improve
food digestion
178
the human digestive tract begins with the
oral cavity
179
human digestive tract components
```
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
```
180
accessory organs of the human digestive tract are
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gall bladder
181
accessory glands play essential role in
digestion
182
the oral cavity (mouth) is where ____ begins
mechanical and chemical digestion of food begins
183
mechanical digestion
breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles
| through mastication
184
mastication
biting and chewing action of teeth
185
chemical digestion
enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into smaller molecules
186
chemical and mechanical digestion both begin in the
mouth
187
chemical digestion begins in the mouth when
salivary glands secrete saliva
188
saliva
lubricates food to facilitate swallowing
| provides a solvent for food particles
189
saliva is secreted in response to
nervous reflex triggered by presence of food in the oral cavity
190
nervous reflex which secretes saliva is triggered by
presence of food in the oral cavity
191
saliva contains the enzyme
salivary amylase (ptyalin)
192
salivary amylase (ptyalin)
hydrolyzes starch to maltose
193
maltose is a type of
disaccharide
194
esophagus
muscular tube leading from mouth to the stomach
195
food is moved down the esophagus by
rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contractions called peristalsis
196
peristalsis
rhythmic waves of involuntary muscle contractions
197
stomach
| description
large
| muscular organ
198
stomach
| location
upper abdomen
199
stomach ____ and _____ food
stores;
| partially digests
200
walls of the stomach are lined by the
thick gastric mucosa
201
thick gastric mucosa which lines stomach contains
glands
202
glands of the thick gastric mucosa secrete
mucus
203
mucus secreted by glands of thick gastric mucosa
protect stomach lining from harshly acidic juices (pH = 2) in the stomach
204
in addition to mucus, glands of stomach also secrete
pepsin;
| HCl
205
pepsin
protein-hydrolyzing enzyme
206
HCl
kills bacteria
dissolves intercellular "glue" holding food tissues together
activates certain proteins
207
churning of the stomach produces
chyme
208
chyme
acidic, semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food
209
after produced in stomach, chyme passes into
first segment of small intestine, the duodenum, through the pyloric sphincter
210
duodenum
first segment of small intestine
211
chemical digestion is completed in the
small intestine
212
the small intestine is divided into ___ sections
3
213
3 sections of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
214
the small intestine is highly adapted to ____
absorption
215
the intestine is extremely long and highly coiled in order to
maximize surface area available for digestion and absorption
216
length of intestine
greater than 6 meters
217
villi
numerous finger-like projections that extend out of the intestinal wall
218
villi contain
capillaries and lacteals
219
lacteals
vessels of the lymphatic system
220
amino acids and monosaccharides pass through the _____ into the _____
villi walls;
| capillary system
221
large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the
lacteals
222
after the large fatty acids and glycerol pass into the lacteals, they are
reconverted into fats
223
fat =
fatty acid + glycerol
224
some nutrients are _____ while others are _____ in the intestine
actively absorbed;
| passively absorbed
225
active absorption means
requires energy
226
nutrients that are actively absorbed in the intestine
glucose;
| amino acids
227
most digestion in the small intestine occurs in the
duodenum
228
in addition to most digestion, the duodenum is the site where secretions from the ___, ____. ____, ____ mix together with the _____ entering from the _____
```
intestinal glands,
pancreas,
liver,
gall bladder
acidic chyme entering;
stomach
```
229
intestinal mucosa secretes (3)
lipases
aminopeptidases
disaccharides
230
lipases secreted from intestinal mucosa for
enzyme for fat digestion
231
aminopeptidases secreted from intestinal mucosa for
enzymes for polypeptide digestion
232
disaccharides secreted from intestinal mucosa for
digestion of maltose, lactose, sucrose
233
lactase
disaccharide
| breaks down lactose (milk sugar)
234
lactase is present in ____ but many ____ lack the enzyme
infants;
| adults
235
those who lack lactase are
lactose intolerant
236
lactose in the small intestine
cannot be digested
237
since lactose in the small intestine cannot be digested, it is
metabolized by bacteria
238
the metabolism of lactose by bacteria in the small intestine causes
intestinal discomfort
239
the liver produces
bile
240
after the liver produces bile, it is stored in the
gall bladder
241
the bile is stored in the gall bladder prior to
release into the small intestine
242
bile contains no
enzymes
243
bile emulsifies
fats
244
bile emulsifies fats, which means it
breaks down large globules into small droplets
245
emulsification of fats
exposes a greater surface area of the fat
246
the emulsification of fats exposes a greater surface area of the fat to the
pancreatic lipase
247
in the absence of bile, fats
cannot be digested
248
the pancreas produces
enzymes
249
examples of enzymes produces by the pancreas
amylase
trypsin
lipase
250
amylase is for digestion of
| pancreas
carbs
251
trypsin is for digestion of
| pancreas
proteins
252
lipase is for the digestion of
| pancreas
fats
253
the pancreas secretes
bicarbonate rich juice
254
the bicarbonate rich juice secreted by the pancreas
neutralizes acidic chyme arriving from stomach
255
pancreatic enzymes operate optimally at ____ pH
higher (8.5) - slightly alkaline
256
the large intestine is appx ___ long
1.5 meters
257
the large intestine functions in the absorption of
salts and any water not already absorbed by small intestine
258
rectum
| large intestine
transient storage of feces prior to elimination through anus
259
plants have ___ digestive system
no
260
although plants have no digestive system, _____ processes do occur
intracellular digestive
261
intracellular digestion in plants coordinates
utilization of nutrients with their production
262
plants store ___, ___, ___, ____ in the cell
polymers
starches
lipid
proteins
263
the principle storage food in plants is
starge
264
starch is a type of
glucose polysaccharide
265
starch is found in large quantities in the ___, ____, ___ parts of the plant
seeds
stems
roots
266
storage polymers are broken down to simpler molecules when
nutrients are required
267
storage polymers are broken down into these types of simpler molecules
glucose
fatty acids
glycerol
amino acids
268
storage polymers are broken down to simpler molecules by
enzyme hydrolysis
269
the simple products (glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids) can be used
in the storage cell itself
or
transported by diffusion to other cells
270
if the simple products are to be used by other cells, they are transported via
diffusion
271
some heterotrophic organisms (e.g. fungi) must _______ from the environment
obtain preformed organic molecules (nutrients)
272
in order to obtain the nutrients from the environment,
| fungi
enzymes are secreted
273
the secreted enzymes are able to
hydrolyze complex nutrients into simpler molecules
274
the simple molecules that have been hydrolyzed from complex nutrients by enzymes can be used for
energy to synthesize larger molecules
275
rhizoids
fungus of bread mold
| typical saprophyte which lives on dead organic material
276
the rhizoids do this to bread
secrete enzymes (onto external environment)
277
digestion produces
simple soluble end-products
278
simple soluble end-products produces by digestion
glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
glycerol
279
simple soluble end-products are then
absorbed by diffusion into rhizoid
280
after the simple soluble end-products are absorbed by diffusion into the rhizoid,
they are transported throughout the mold
281
venus flytrap (extracellular digestion)
comes closest to ingestion in the plant kingdom
282
when a fly arrives, certain sensitive tissues
entrap the insect
283
after the sensitive tissues of the venus flytrap have entrapped the insect,
enzymes are secreted to digest the fly and absorb the soluble end products
284
enzymes are secreted by the venus flytrap in order to
digest the fly and absorb the soluble end products
285
the venus fly trap is a ____troph
auto
286
the venus flytrap is an autotroph because
photosynthesizes to produce glucose
287
the venus flytrap uses the insect as a
nitrate sources
288
the venus flytrap uses the insect as a nitrate source because
the flytrap grows in nitrogen-poor soil
289
the liver produces
bile
