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Chapter 5 - Vascular Systems in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Circulation in Invertebrates

Protozoans

A

movement of gases and nutrients via simple diffusion within cell

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2
Q

circulation in invertebrates

cindarians

A

hydra etc.

body walls - 2 cells thick

all cells in direct contact with internal or external env.

no specialized circulatory system

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3
Q

circulation in invertebrates

arthropods

A

open circulatory system

blood (interstitial fluid) in direct contact with body tissues

circulated by body movements

flows through dorsal vessel, into sinuses

sinuses - exchange of gasses occurs

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4
Q

circulation in invertebrates

annelids

A

closed circulatory system

to deliver materials to cells not in direct contact with external enivronment

blood confined to blood vessels

dorsal vessel - carries blood to head, coordinated contractions (heart)

aortic loops - five pairs of vessels, fxn as additional pumps, connect dorsal vessel to ventral vessel

no red blood cells

hemoglobin-like pigment dissolved in aq. soltuion

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5
Q

circulation in humans

3 components

A

musuclar four-chambered heart

network of blood vessels

blood

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6
Q

circulation in humans

process

A

oxygenated blood pumped from left ventricle to aorta

aorta –> arteries –> capillaries

exchange of gas, nutrients, cellular waste occurs via diffusion across capillary walls

capillaries –> venules —> veins

veins lead deoxygenated blood to heart

veins –> inferior, superior vena cava –> heart

right atrium –> right ventricule –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs

picks up oxygen at lungs

pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle

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7
Q

heart

function

A

driving force of circulatory system

RIGHT: pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary arteries to lungs

LEFT: pumps oxygenated blood to superior/inferior vena cava to systemic circulation

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8
Q

heart

structure

A

atria (atrium, singular):

two upper chambers

thin walled

ventricles:

two lower chambers

extermely muscular

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9
Q

blood vessels

types

A

arteries

veins

capillaries

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10
Q

arteries

A

thick-walled, musuclar, elastic

transport oxygenated blood from heart to systemic circulation

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11
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

thick-walled, muscular, elastic

trasnported deoxygenated blood from heart to pulmonary system

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12
Q

veins

A

thinly-walled, inelastic

carry deox blood to heart

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13
Q

pulmonary veins

A

thin walled, inelastic

carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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14
Q

much of blood flow in veins depends on

A

compression by skeletal muscles during movement

rather than pumping of heart

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15
Q

venous circulation at odds with gravity, thus

A

larger veins, esp. in legs, have valves that prevent backflow

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16
Q

capillaries

structure

A

very thin walls

single layer endothelial cells

smallest diamter of all three vessels

red blood cells travel single file

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17
Q

capillaries

function

A

across which, readily diffuse:

respiratory gases

nutrients

eznymes

hormones

wastes

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18
Q

lymph vessels

definition

A

secondary circulatory system

distinct from cardiovascular circulation

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19
Q

lymph vessels

function

A

transport excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to cardiovascular system

keep fluid levels constant

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20
Q

lymph nodes

A

swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes)

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21
Q

phagocytic cells (leukocytes)

A

filter lymph

remove and destroy foreign particles, pathogens

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22
Q

blood

components

A

plasma

cellular components

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23
Q

blood as a component of the body

A

avg human - 4-6 L blood

55% liquid, 45% cellular components

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24
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood

aq. mixture of:

nutrients

salts

respiratory gases

wastes

hormones

blood proteins

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25
e.g. blood proteins
immunoglobins albumin fibrinogen
26
cellular components of blood
erythrocytes leukocytes platelets
27
erythrocytes fxn and shape (red blood cells)
oxygen carrying 250 million mlc hemoglobin biconcave, disk-like shape
28
hemoglobin
can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules primary form of oxygen transport
29
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to oxygen
30
distinct shape of red blood cells allows
increased surface area for gas exchange greater flex. for movement through tiny capillaries
31
erythrocytes formed from
stem cells in bone marrow
32
upon maturation, erythrocytes lose ___ in the bone marrow
nuclei, mitochnodria, membranous organelles
33
once mature, RBCs circulate blood for \_\_\_, after which:
120 days phagocytized by special cells in spleen, liver
34
leokocytes white blood cells form
larger than RBCs
35
leukocytes white blodo cells fxn
protective
36
leukocytes white blood cells types
phagocytes macrophages lymphocytes
37
phagocytes | (white blood cells)
phagocytize foreign matter and organisms such as bacteria
38
macrophages
white blood cells migrate from blood to tissue mature into stationary cells - macrophages
39
lymphocytes | (white blood cells)
immune response production of antibodies (B cells) cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)
40
platelets
cell fragments lack nuclei involved in clot formation
41
Functions of Circulatory System
**blood** transfers oxygen to tissue waste and CO2 from tissue platelets injury repair leukocytes main component of immune system
42
transport of gases | (function of circulatory system)
hemoglobin molecules in erythrocytes bind to oxygen transport O2 throughout system hemoglobin also binds to CO2
43
transport of nutrient | (function of circulatory system)
amino acids, simple sugars absorbed into bloodstream at intestinal capillaries after processing, transported throughout body
44
transport of waste
metabolic waste products (water, urea, CO2) diffuse into capillaries from surrounding cells waste delivered to excretory organs
45
clotting reason (function of circulatory system)
clots prevent extensive blood loss while damaged vessel heals itself
46
clotting process
platelets come into contact with exposed collagen of damaged vessel platelets ---\> release chemical --\> platelet plug + damaged tissue ---\> thromboplastin + cofactors: calcium, vit. k ---\> converts prothrombin ---\> thrombin ---\> converts fibrinogen ---\> fibrin
47
platelet plug
platelets adhere to one another caused by chemical relased by platelets in contact with exposed collage of damaged vessel
48
thromboplastin
clotting factor released by platelet plug and damaged tissue
49
prothrombin
plasma protein inactive form of thrombin
50
inactive plasma protein prothrombin converted to active form thrombin by ...
clotting factor thromboplastin + cofactors: calcium, vitamin K convert...
51
fibrinogen | (plasma protein)
converted to fibrin by thrombin
52
fibrin
threads of fibrin coat damaged area and trap blood cells to form clot
53
serum
fluid left after blood clotting
54
immunological reactions
body can distinguish between self and nonself remembers nonself entities (antigens) previously encountered
55
antigens
nonself entities
56
immune system two **specific** defense mechanisms
humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity
57
humoral immunity | (defense mechanism of immune system)
production of antibodies
58
cell-mediated immunity | (defense mechanisms)
involves cells that combat fungal and viral infections
59
lymphocytes
responsible for both humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms
60
humoral immunity | (specific defense mechanism)
production of antibodies very specific to antigen involved responsible for proliferation of antibodies following exposure to antigens
61
immunoglobins (Igs) aka antibodies definition
complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens trigger immune system to remove them
62
immunoglobin method of attack | (2)
attract other cells (leukocytes) to phagocytize antigen ## Footnote or cause antigens to clump together (agglutinate) and form large insoluble complexes - facilitates removal by phagocytic cells
63
agglutinate
antibodies cause antigens to clump together and form large insoluble complexes
64
active immunity | (humoral immunity)
produciton of antibodies during immune response e.g. vaccination may require weeks to build up
65
vaccination mechanism
injected with weak, inactive or related form of particular antigen stimulates immune system to produce specific antibodies against it
66
passive immunity
trxfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism acquired passively or via injection e.g. pregnancy acquired immediately short-lived - only as long as antibodies circling system not specific
67
passive immunity during pregnancy
maternal antibodies cross placenta enter fetal circulation confers passive immunity to fetus
68
gamma globulin
fraction of blood containting wide variety of antibodies used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis, etc, via passive immunity
69
nonspecific defense mechanisms | (immunological reactions)
body employs nonspecific defenses against foreign material
70
types of nonspecific defense mechanisms (5)
skin passages macrophages inflammation interferons
71
1. skin | (nonspecific defense mechanism)
physical barrier against bacterial invasion pores on surface secrete sweat
72
sweat | (nonspecific defense mechanism)
contains enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls
73
2. passages nonspecific defense mechanism e.g. respiratory tract
lined with ciliated mucous-coated epithelia - filter and trap foreign particles
74
mucous coated epithelia
line passages (e.g. respiratory tract) filter and trap foreign particles
75
3. macrophages nonspecifc defense mechanisms
engulf and destroy foreign particles
76
4. inflammatory response nonspecific defense mechanisms
iniated by body in response to physical damage: 1. injured cells release histamine 2. granulocytes attracted to injury
77
histamines (inflammatory response - nonspecific defense mechanisms)
release of histamines cause blood vessels to dilate, thereby increasing blood flow to damaged region
78
granulocytes (inflammatory response - nonspecific defense mechanism)
attracted to injury site phagocytize antigenic material
79
inflammatory response often accompanied by \_\_\_ (nonspecific defense mechanism)
fever
80
5. interferons | (nonspecific defense mechanism)
proteins produced by cells under viral attack diffuse to other cells --\> help prevent spread of virus
81
allergic reaction
inappropriate response to certain foods and pollen body forms antibodies and release histamine
82
rejection of transplants
transplanted tissues or organs detected as foreign bodies by recipients immune system immune response may cause organ to be rejected
83
immuno-suppressing drugs | (transplant rejection)
lower immune response to transplants and decrease likelihood of rejection
84
antigens
macromolecules foreign to host organism trigger immune response
85
erythrocytes antigens | (2 types)
characteristic cell-surface antigens ABO group Rh factor
86
Type A
antigen: A antibodies produced: anti-B
87
type B
antigen: B antibodied produced: anti-A
88
AB
universal recipient antigen: A & B antibodies produced: none
89
O
universal donor antigen: none antibodies produced: anti-A & anti-B
90
if donor and recipient are not matched (blood transfusions)
erythrocytes will be clumped (rejected) by antibodies in recipient's plasma
91
Rh factor
antigen on surface of red blood cell Rh+ possesses Rh antigen Rh- lacks Rh antigen
92
pregnancy and Rh factor
Rh- woman can be sensitive to Rh+ fetus if fetal erythrocytes enter maternal circulation during birth if woman subsequently carries another Rh+ fetus anti-Rh antibodies produced during first birth may cross placenta and destroy fetal RBCs result: severe anemia for fetus
93
erythroblastosis fetalis
severe anemia for fetus caused by Rh+ sensitivity in mother mother's antibodies from first birth may cross placenta and destroy fetal RBCs erythroblastosis fetalis NOT caused by ABO anti-A, anti-B CANNOT cross placenta

Biology (19 decks)

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