Chapter 15 - Evolution Flashcards
1
Q
evolution
A
change in genetic makeup of a population with time
2
Q
evolution is explained by constant propagation of
A
new variations in genes of species
3
Q
some new variations in genes of species impart an
A
adaptive advantage
4
Q
evidence of evolution (6)
A
fossil record comparative anatomy comparative embryology comparative biochemistry (physiology) vestigial structures geographic barriers
5
Q
fossils are ______ of evolutionary change
A
most distinct evidence
6
Q
fossils represent the remains of
A
an extinct ancestor
7
Q
fossils are generally found in
A
sedimentary rocks
8
Q
types of fossils (5)
A
actual remains petrification imprints molds casts
9
Q
actual remains (fossils) like
A
teeth
bones
10
Q
actual remains (teeth, bones) are found in
A
rock
tar pits
ice
amber
11
Q
amber
A
fossil resin of trees
12
Q
petrification is the process in which
A
minerals replace cells of an organisms
13
Q
imprints (fossils)
A
impressions left by an organism
14
Q
example of imprints
A
footprints
15
Q
molds form in
A
hollow spaces of rocks
16
Q
molds form in hollow spaces of rocks as the
A
organism within decays
17
Q
casts are formed by
A
minerals deposited in molds
18
Q
comparative anatomy includes
A
homologous structures
analogous structures
19
Q
homologous structures
A
similar structure
same origin
20
Q
homologous structure demonstrate similar evolutionary patterns with late _____ due to differences in _____
A
divergence;
exposure to evolutionary forces
21
Q
examples of homologous structures
A
wings of a bat
flipper of a whale
forelegs of the horses
arms of man
22
Q
analogous structures
A
similar structure
different origin
23
Q
analogous structures have similar functions with different evolutionary origins and entirely different
A
patterns of development
24
Q
example of analogous organs
A
wings of a fly (membranous)
wings of a bird (bony and covered with feathers)
25
example of different pattern of development in analogous structures - wings of a fly vs wings of a bird
wings of a fly are membranous
| wings of a bird are bony and covered with feathers
26
embryology
stages of development
27
stages of development of the embryo resemble stages in an organisms
(comp. embryology)
evolutionary history
28
in humans, the two layer gastrula is similar to the structure of the
(comp. embryology)
hydra (cnidarian)
29
in humans, the three-layer gastrula is similar in structure to the
(comp. embryology)
flatworm
30
gill slits are present in the human embryo - this indicates a common ancestry with
fish
31
the similarity of stages in human embryonic development suggests
common ancestry and development history
32
the earlier the stage at which development beings to diverge, the more
dissimilar the adult organisms will be
33
it is very difficult to differentiate between the embryo of a human and that of a gorilla until
relatively late in the development of each embryo
34
embryological development suggests other evidence of evolution in other
organisms
35
avian embryo has teeth, suggesting
| comp. embryology
reptile stage
36
larvae of some mollusks resemble
| comp. embryology
annelids
37
human embryo posses a
| comp. embryology
tail
38
most organisms demonstrate the same basic needs and _____ processes
(comp biochem)
metabolic
39
most organisms require the same (food)
| comp biochem
nutrients
40
most organisms have the similar cellular _____
organelles
41
most organisms have similar energy storage forms
ATP
42
respiratory processes
| comp biochem
are similar in most organisms
43
similarity of enzymes involved in respiratory processes suggests that all orgnaisms must contain some
DNA sequences in common
44
the closer the organisms in the evolutionary scheme, the greater the similarity of their ____ and _____
(comp biochem)
chemical constituents
| genetic information
45
chemical constituents
enzymes
hormones
antibodies
blood
46
since the closer the organisms in the evolutionary scheme, the greater the similarity of their chemical constituents and genetic code, we can conclude that all organisms
were descended from a common, primitive ancestral form
47
chemical similarity of the blood of different organisms very closely parallels the
evolutionary pattern
48
chimps blood shows close similarity to that of a _____ but is very different from that of a ____ or ____
human;
| rabbit, fish
49
more time that has elapsed since the divergence of two species, the more ____ their biochemical characteristics
different
50
vestigial structures are structures that appear to be _____ but apparently had some ______
useless;
| ancestral function
51
vestigial organ in humans: appendix
small and useless
| in herbivores - assists with digestion of cellulose
52
vestigial organ is humans: tail
reduced to few useless bones (coccyx) at the base of the spine
53
coccyx
human tail at base of spine: useless
54
vestigial organs in horses: splints
on legs of horses
| remains of 2 side toes of Eohippus
55
vestigial organ in python: legs
reduced to useless bones embedded in sides of adult
56
vestigial leg bones in python similar to that of
whale - hand-limb bones
57
species multiplication generally accompanied by
migration
58
species multiplication is generally accompanied by migration in order to lessen
intraspecific competition
59
separation of a widely distributed population by emerging geographic barriers increases the likelihood of
genetic adaptations on either side of the barrier
60
each population may evolve specific adaptations to the
environment which it occupies
61
in addition to adaptive changes, populations may accumulate _____ changes
neutral - random, non-adaptive
62
adaptations of populations separated by geographic barrier will remain _____ to the population in which they evolve, as long as
unique;
| interbreeding is prevented by the barrier
63
in time, genetic differences of a once unified population separated by a barrier will reach the point where successful interbreeding
is impossible
64
if successful interbreeding becomes impossible within a population, _____ would be maintained if the geographic barrier were removed
reproductive isolation
65
example of geographic barriers and evolution: marsupials
line of pouched mammals paralleling development of placental mammals developed on Australian side of large water barrier - geographic barrier protected more primitive pouched mammals from competition with modern placental mammals
66
water barrier of australia resulted in uniquely
Australian plants and animals
67
examples of uniquely australian plants and animals
kangaroo
duckbill platypus
pouched wolves
eucalyptus tree
68
systematics
study of evolutionary relationships
69
phylogeny
evolutionary history of a group of organisms
70
phylogenetic relationships - species should be _____ to their ancestors
somewhat similar
71
because of divergence, similarities between species and ancestors will
fade with time since separation increases
72
cladistics
used to classify organisms based on phylogenetic relationships
73
cladograms constructed to predict
how an ancestor has evolved into its proposed descendants
74
cladogram is composed of
subtrees
75
subtrees of cladogram called
clade
76
members of a clade possess some kind of
derived characteristic that distinguishes from other clade
77
in constructing clades, scientists utilize the principal of
parsimony
78
parsimony
least complex explanation
79
ex of parsimony: if one cladogram assumes 5 evo events and the other assumes 2 then:
the latter will be more accepted
80
"use and disuse" and "inheritance of acquired characteristics" are
Lamarck buzz phrases
81
Lamarckian Evolution was
WRONG
82
principle of lamarckian evolution
new organs or changes in existing ones arose because of the needs of the organism
83
amount of change of organs depends on
| lamarck
use or disuse of organ
84
theory of use and disuse based on
fallacious understanding of genetics
85
any useful characteristic acquired in one generation was thought to be
(lamarck)
passed on to the next
86
example of lamarck theory: giraffes
early giraffes stretched their necks to reach for leaves on higher branches of trees
offspring believed to inherit long necks as a result of excessive use
87
the theories of acquiring characteristics has been disproved by
modern genetics
88
only these can be inherited
changes in the DNA of the sex cells
89
only changes in the DNA of the ____ cells can be inherited
sex
90
changes acquired during an individuals life are changes in characteristics and organization of
somatic cells
91
_____ disproved lamarck use and disuse with mice
weissman
92
to disprove lamarck, weissman (using mice)
cute off tails of mice for 20 generations
| the 21st was born with tails
93
in drawin's theory of evolution, pressures in the environment select for
organism most fit to survive and reproduce
94
Darwin's basic agents leading to evolutionary change (6)
```
overpopulation
variations
competition (struggle for survival)
natural selection
inheritance of the variations
evolution of new species
```
95
overpopulation (darwin 1)
more offspring are produced than can survive - insufficient food, air, light, space to support entire population
96
variations (darwin 2)
darwin observed differences (variation) between offspring and parents
97
darwin did not know source of variation between offspring and parents - explained by
de vries
98
de vries and variation
mutations cause variations
99
mutations - can be ____ or ____; most are ____
beneficial; harmful; harmful
100
competition - struggle for survival (darwin 3)
developing pop must compete
101
due to competition, many young ____ and adults ____
must die;
| remain constant from gen to gen
102
natural selection (darwin 4)
some organisms may have variable adaptations that are advantageous for survival
103
natural selection encapsulated in phrase
survival of the fittest
104
inheritance of variation (darwin 5)
individuals that survive (favorable variations) live to adulthood, reproduce, transmit favorable genes
105
favored genes eventually
dominate gene pool
106
evolution of new species (darwin 6)
over many generations of natural selection, favorable changes are perpetuated in species
107
accumulations of favorable changes eventually result in (darwin 6 cont'd)
significant changes to gene pool - new species evolves
108
physical changes in gene pool perpetuated or selected for by
environment
109
example of evolution of new species - DDT-resistant insects - illustrates natural selection
rapid evolution of DDT-resistant insects - change in env: intro of DDT --> favorable change for DDT-resistant flies
mutants existed before environmental change --> conditions select for survival of these DDT-resistant flies
110
chance variations occur due to ___ and ____
mutations; recombination
111
individual is more "fit" and likely to survive if
variation is "selected for" by environment
112
survival of the fittest leads to an increase of
favorable genes in gene pool
113
population includes
all members of particular species inhabiting given location
114
gene pool
sum total of all alleles for any given trait in population
115
gene frequency
decimal fraction representing presence of allele for all members of population that have particular gene locus
116
p (gene frequency)
frequency of dominant allele
| of particular gene locus
117
q (gene frequency)
frequency of recessive allele
| of particular gene locus
118
for a given gene locus (equation)
p + q = 1
119
evolution can be viewed as
| hardy-weinberg principle
result of changing gene frequencies within a population
120
gene frequency is the relative frequency of
| hardy-weinberg principle
particular allele
121
the gene pool is stable when
| hardy-weinberg principle
gene frequencies of a population are not changing
122
when the gene pool is stable, the population is
| hardy-weinberg principle
not evolving
123
5 idealized conditions of hardy weinberg
1. population very large
2. no mutations
3. mating is random
4. no net migrations into or out of population
5. genes in pop are equally successful at reproducing
124
hardy weinberg principle
under 5 idealized conditions, a certain equilibrium will exist between all genes in gene pool
125
hardy weinberg principle is explained by
hardy weinberg equation
126
hardy weinberg equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
127
for a gene and locus with only two alleles, T and t, p =
frequency of allele T
128
for a gene and locus with only two alleles, T and t, q =
frequency of allele t
129
for a given gene locus, p + q = 1, because combined frequencies of all alleles must
total 100%
130
(p + q)^2 = 1^2 ---->
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
131
in the hardy weinberg equation, p^2 =
frequency of TT (homo dom)
132
in the hardy weinberg equation, 2pq =
frequency of Tt (het)
133
in the hardy weinberg equation, q^2 =
frequency of tt (homo rec)
134
the hardy weinberg equation may be used to determine ______ in the absence of microevoluationary change
gene frequencies of a large pop
135
individuals from a nonevolving pop can be randomly crossed to determine that
(hardy weinberg equation)
gene frequencies remain constant from gen to gen
136
no population can be represented indefinitely by the hardy-weinberg eq. because
such idealized conditions do not exist in nature
137
real populations have _____ gene pool and ____ population
unstable;
| migrating
138
agents of microevolutionary change
```
natural selection
mutation
assortive mating
genetic drift
gene flow
```
139
agents of microevolutionary change are all deviations from the
5 conditions of hardy-weinberg
140
natural selection
genotypes with fav. variations are selected through natural selection and frequency increases in gene pool
141
mutations
mutations change allele frequencies in a population - shifting gene equilibria
142
assortive mating
if mates not chosen randomly, relative genotype ratios will be affected and will depart from h-w equil
143
on average, allele frequencies in a gene pool
remain unchanged
144
example of non random mating
mate selected for phenotype
| mate selected for proximity
145
genetic drift
changes in comp of gene pool due to chance
146
examples of genetic drift
bottleneck
| founder
147
genetic drift is most pronounced in ____ populations
small
148
deme
small local population
149
maybe many demes belonging to a specific
species
150
example of a deme: beavers
along a specific portion of a river
151
members of a deme resemble one another more closely than they resemble
members of other demes
152
members of a deme are closely related genetically because
mating between members of same deme occurs more frequently
153
members of same deme are influenced by similar ______ factors and are thus subject to _____
environment;
| same selection process
154
development of new species occurs when
gene pools within a species become sufficiently different so that two individuals cannot mate and produce fertile offspring
155
gene flow is impossible between two
different species
156
factors leading to speciation
```
genetic variation
changes in environment
migration to new environments
adaptation to new environments
natural selection
isolation
```
157
adaptive radiation
emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species
158
single species may diverge into
| adaptive radiation
number of distinct species
159
differences between species which have diverged are those
adaptive to distinct lifestyle - niche
160
darwin's galapagos finches are classic example of adaptive radiation
single species of finch underwent adaptive radiation resulting in 13 separate species, some on the same island (short period of time)
161
adaptive radiation minimizes
competition
162
speciation to minimize competition enables each emerging species to become
firmly established in its own niche
163
types of speciation
```
demes
development of new species
adaptive radiation
evolutionary history
isolation
```
164
dissimilar species evolved from
| evolutionary history
a common ancestor
165
phylogeny
evolutionary history
166
evolutionary history visualized as
branching tree
167
in a branching tree (evo. history), common ancestor is found at ____ and modern species found at _____
trunk;
| tips of branches
168
groups within branches on evolutionary tree develop in similar ways when
exposed to similar environments
169
convergent evolution
groups within branches develop in similar ways when exposed to similar environments
170
example of convergent evolution
fish and dolphins - belong to different classes of chordates
171
dolphins and fish evolved similarly because they
| convergent evo
adapted to aquatic life
172
descendants of ancestral pouched mammal
pouched wolf
anteater
mouse
mole
173
pouched mammals have developed ____ to placental mammals
parallel
174
counterparts to descendants of ancestral pouched mammale
placental wolf
anteater
mouse
mole
175
pouched mammals and placental mammals faced similar, though ______ separate environments
geographically
176
because placental and pouched mammals faced geographically separate environments, they
developed similar adaptations
177
these concepts form the basis of the methods employed in developing system for classification of living things
adaptive radiation
| phylogeny
178
convergent evolution symbol
A
179
divergent evolution symbol
V
180
parallel evolution symbol
U
181
genetic isolation results from
geographic isolation of a population in two groups
182
when groups are isolated from one another, there is no ___ between them
gene flow
183
any differences arising from mutations or new combinations of genes will be _____ in the isolated population
maintained
184
over time, changes from isolation may become significant enough to make
mating impossible ---> species formed
