Chapter 13 - Ecology Flashcards
1
Q
ecology is the study of
A
interactions between organisms and their environment
2
Q
environment encompasses
A
all that is external to organism and necessary for existence
3
Q
organism’s environment contains two components
A
abiotic (physical) biotic (living)
4
Q
abiotic
A
physical (non-living)
5
Q
biotic
A
living
6
Q
physical (abiotic) environment includes (5)
A
climate temperature availability of light availability of water local topology
7
Q
living (biotic) environment includes
A
all living things which directly or indirectly influence life of organism
8
Q
the relationship that exists between organisms is a part of the
A
biotic environment
9
Q
levels of biological organization
A
organism population communities ecosystem biosphere
10
Q
organism
A
individual unit of ecological system
11
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organism is composed of
A
smaller units
12
Q
organism contains ____ which are made up of ____
A
organ systems; organs
13
Q
organs are formed from
A
tissues
14
Q
tissues are formed from
A
cells
15
Q
cells are formed from
A
molecules
16
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molecules are formed from
A
atoms
17
Q
atoms are formed from
A
sub-atomic particles
18
Q
population is a group of
A
organisms of the SAME species
19
Q
population is a group of organisms of ____ species
A
same
20
Q
population is a group of organisms of the SAME species _____
A
living together in a given location
21
Q
examples of populations include: dandelions; flies; minnows; lions;
A
on a lawn; in a barn; in a pond; in a grassland area
22
Q
species
A
group of similar organisms capable of reproducing fertile offspring
23
Q
environmental factors such as _____, ____, ____ aid in maintaining populations are relatively constant levels
A
nutrients, water, sunlight limitations
24
Q
a community consists of
A
biotic environment populations of different plants and animal species interacting with each other in a given environment
25
biotic community includes
only populations and not physical environment
26
ecosystem includes
community and environment
27
community contains populations from
all 5 kingdoms
28
5 kingdoms
monera, protists, plants, fungi, animals
29
within an ecosystem, all 5 kingdoms depend on
each other for survival
30
lawn contains
dandelions grasses mushrooms earthworms nematodes bacteria
31
pond contains
dragonflies algae minnows insect larvae
32
forest contains
moss pine bacteria lichens ferns deer chipmunks spiders foxes
33
sea contains
fish whales plankton
34
ecosystem (ecological community) encompasses the interaction between
living biotic communities and nonliving environment
35
in studying the ecosystem, the biologist look sat the effects of the
biotic community on the env. and vise versa
36
examples of communities and of ecosystems
lawn pond forest sea
37
biosphere includes
all portions of the planet which supports life
38
portions of the planet which support life (3)
atmosphere lithosphere hydrosphere
39
lithosphere
rock and soil surface
40
hydrosphere
oceans
41
the biosphere extends ____ beneath the earth's surface
a few feet
42
the biosphere extends ____ into the sea
several miles
43
the biosphere extends _____ into the atmosphere
several miles
44
parts of the physical environment (5)
water temperature sunlight oxygen supply substratum (soil or rock)
45
major component of the internal environment of all living things
water
46
water may be readily available or the organism may
possess adaptations for storage and conservation of the water
47
temperature must be
maintained at an optimal level
48
at temperatures below 0C and above 100C, _____ is destroyed
protoplasm
49
organisms have _____ necessary for protection against temp. extremes
adaptations
50
temperature of a geographic location depends on its
latitude altitude
51
as one approaches the colder polar regions and the colder regions of a mountain top
the same changes in habitat occur
52
ultimate source of energy for all organisms
sunlight
53
green plants must compete for _____ in forests
sunlight
54
broad leaves, branching, growing to greater height, produce vine growths are examples of
adaptations of plants to capture as much sunlight as possible
55
photic zone (water) is defined as
top layer through which light can penetrate
56
the photic zone in water is where all
aquatic photosynthetic activity takes place
57
aphotic zone (water)
only animal and heterotrophic life exist
58
oxygen supply and terrestrial life
no problem - air contains 20% oxygen
59
aquatic plants and animals must utilize (oxygen supply)
small amount of oxygen dissolved in water
60
pollution and oxygen supply in water
pollution can significantly lower oxygen content in water and threaten aquatic life
61
substratum determines the nature of
plant and animal life in the soil
62
soil is affected by (4)
acidity (pH) texture minerals humus
63
most suited for growth in acid soil (2)
rhododendrons pines
64
this may make soil pH too low for most plant growth
rain
65
\_\_\_\_ and ___ determine the water-holding capacity of soil
texture clay content
66
willows require ____ soil
moist
67
most plants grow well in
loams
68
loams contain
high percentages of each type of soil
69
examples of minerals that affect the type of vegetation that can be supported (2)
nitrates phosphates
70
beach sand is unable to support plant life because it has been
leached of all minerals
71
humus quantity is determined by
amount of decaying plant and animal life in the soil
72
organisms belonging to the same or different species influences
each other's development
73
living things interact with
other living organisms and with their physical environment
74
interactions between constituents of an ecosystem involve a _____ of energy and materials
cyclic flow
75
interactions within the ecosystem
niche nutritional interactions interspecific interactions intraspecific interactions interactions between organisms and their environment
76
the niche defines the
functional role of an organism in its ecosystem
77
habitat
physical place where an organism lives
78
relationship between habitat and niche
characteristics of habitat help define the niche
79
the concept of the niche embodies
every aspect of an organisms existence
80
the niche describes
what the organism eats where and how it obtains food the nature of its parasites and predators where and how it reproduces
81
by definition, two species _____ niche
can never occupy the same
82
organisms occupying the same niche
compete for limited resources
83
examples of limited resources in a niche
food water light oxygen space minerals reproductive sites
84
may be multiple organisms in the same niche, but they are
the same species - same requirements
85
a species can be _____ by the niche it occupies
identified
86
species occupying the similar niches use ____ in common
at least one resources
87
as a result of species occupying the same niche having at least one resource in common,
they will compete for that resource
88
competition among species for a common resource can have these outcomes
extinction elimination in environment divergence
89
extinction (outcome of species competition for common resource)
one species may be competitively superior ---\> drive other to extinction
90
elimination in environment (outcome of species competition for common resource)
one species may be competitively superior in one region while the other is superior in other regions elimination of one species in one region and the other in other regions
91
divergence (outcome of species competition for common resource)
two species may rapidly evolve in divergent direction under strong selection pressure resulting from intense competition two species evolve greater differences in their niches
92
examples of nutritional interactions within the ecosystem
autotrophs heterotrophs herbivores carnivores omnivores
93
autotrophs
organisms that manufacture own food green plants utilize energy of sun to manufacture food
94
chemosynthetic bacteria are examples of
autotrophs
95
chemosynthetic bacteria as autotrophs
obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic sulfur, iron, nitrogen compounds
96
heterotrophs
cannot synthesize their own food must depend on autotrophs or other heterotrophs in ecosystem to obtain food and energy
97
herbivores consume
only plants or plant food
98
the toughness of cellulose-containing plant tissues las led to the development of (herbivores)
structures for crushing and grinding that can extract plant fluid
99
herbivores have long digestive tracts that provide
greater surface area and time for digestion
100
herbivores cannot ______ most of the food the consume
digest
101
\_\_\_\_\_ capable of digesting cellulose inhabit the digestive tracts of herbivores
symbiotic bacteria capable of digesting cellulose
102
symbiotic bacteria (that inhabit the digestive tracts of herbivores)
are capable of digesting cellulose
103
symbiotic bacteria that inhabit the digestive tracts of herbivores allow for the breakdown and utilization of
cellulose
104
herbivores are more adept in ______ than carnivores because they are often prey
defense
105
many herbivores, like cows and horses, have hoofs instead of toes for
faster movement on the grasslands
106
herbivores have _____ adapted for cutting their food
incisors
107
herbivores have ____ adapted for grinding their food
molars
108
carnivores eat only
other animals
109
carnivores possess _____ and _____ for tearing flesh
pointed teeth and fang-like canine teeth
110
carnivores have shorter digestive tracts due to the
easier digestibility of animal food
111
omnivores eat
both animals and plants
112
community is an _____ of species, which are dependent upon one another for survival
integrated system
113
major types of interspecific interactions
symbiosis predation saprophytism scavenging
114
symbiosis
symbionts live together in intimate, often permanent association which may or may not be beneficial to both participants
115
some symbiotic relationships are
obligatory
116
obligatory symbiotic relationship
one or both organisms cannot survive without the other
117
symbiotic relationships are classified according to the
benefits the symbionts receive
118
types of symbiotic relationships
commensalism mutualism parasitism
119
commensalism
1 0 (one organism is benefited by the association and the other is not affected)
120
in commensalism, the host
neither discourages nor fosters the relationship
121
examples of commensalism: remora and shark
remora (sharksucker) attaches itself by a holdfast device to the underside of a shark remora obtains: food the shark discards wide geographic dispersal protection from enemies shark is totally indifferent
122
example of commensalism: barnacle and whale
barnacle is a sessile crustacean attaches to the whale and obtains wider feeding opportunities through the migrations of the whale
123
mutualism
1 1 symbiotic relationship from which both organisms derive some benefit
124
example of mutualism: tick bird and rhinoceros
bird receives food in the form of ticks on the skin of the rhino rhino has its ticks removed and is warned of danger by rapid departure of the bird
125
example of mutualism: lichen
very intimate association between fungus and algae found on rocks and tree barks
126
in lichen, the _____ produces good for itself and the fungus by \_\_\_\_\_\_
green algae; photosynthesis
127
the meshes of fungal thread _______ algae and _____ rain water
supports; conserves
128
in addition to supporting the algae and conserving rain water, the fungus also provides _____ and ______ for the algae
carbon dioxide; nitrogenous wastes
129
carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes, support and rain water are all needed for _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
photosynthesis; protein synthesis
130
lichens are ______ organisms in the order of ecological succession on bare rock
pioneer
131
example of mutualism: nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes
nitrogen-fixing bacteria invade the roots of legumes and infected cells grow to form root nodules
132
in the nodule, the legume provides _____ for the bacteria and the bacteria _____ nitrogen
nutrients; fixes
133
the bacteria fixes nitrogen by changing it to a \_\_\_\_\_
soluble nitrate
134
soluble nitrate is a mineral essential for _______ by the plant
protein synthesis
135
nitrogen fixing bacteria are a major source of
usable nitrogen
136
usable nitrogen is needed by
all plants and animals
137
example of mutualism: protozoa and termites
termites chew and ingest wood but are unable to digest cellulose. protozoa in the digestive tract of the termite secrete an enzyme which digests the cellulose
138
termites chew and ingest wood but are unable to digest
cellulose
139
\_\_\_\_\_ in the digestive tract of the termite secrete an enzyme which digests cellulose
protozoa
140
both protozoa and termites share the \_\_\_\_\_
carbohydrates
141
as a result of the protozoa-termites mutualism, the protozoan is guaranteed ______ and \_\_\_\_\_
protection; steady food supply
142
in the protozoa-termites mutualism, the termite is able to obtain
nourishment from the ingested wood
143
example of mutualism: intestinal bacteria and humans
bacteria utilize some of the food material not fully digested by humans and manufacture vitamin K
144
parasitism
-1 1
145
a parasite benefits at the expense of the
host
146
parasitism exists when
competition for food is most intense
147
few autotrophs (green plants) exist as
parasites exception: mistletoe
148
parasitism flourishes among organisms such as
bacteria fungi animals
149
ectoparasites
parasites that cling to the exterior surface of the host using suckers or clamps
150
ectoparasites cling to the exterior surface of the host using
suckers or clamps
151
ectoparasites may bore through the skin and
suck out blood and nutrients
152
examples of ectoparasites
leeches ticks sea lampreys
153
endoparasites
live within the host
154
in order to gain entry, endoparasites must pass through
defenses: skin digestive juices antibodies white blood cells
155
parasites possess special _____ to overcome defenses
adaptations
156
parasitism is ______ and _______ for the parasite
advantageous; efficient
157
the parasite lives with minimum
expenditure of energy
158
parasites may even have _____ of their own
parasites
159
mammal may have parasitic worms which are parasitized by bacteria which are victims of
bacteriophages
160
all viruses are
parasites
161
structure of virus
nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat
162
viruses are _____ outside the host
nonfunctional
163
upon entry of the viral nucleic acid into the host, the virus
takes over the host cell functions and redirects them into replication of itself
164
most _____ are chemosynthetic or saprophytic
bacteria
165
saprophytic
bacteria of decay
166
diphtheria is parasitic upon
man
167
anthrax is parasitic upon
sheep
168
TB is parasitic upon
cows or man
169
most fungi are
saprophytic
170
ringworm is parasitic on
man
171
the tapeworm is parasitic on
man
172
successful parasites do not
kill their hosts
173
killing the host would lead to ____ of the parasite
death
174
the more dangerous the parasite, the less chance it will
survive
175
types of parasitism
virus and host cell disease bacteria and animals disease fungi and animals worms and animals
176
predators are free-living organisms which feed on
other living organisms
177
predation includes both
herbivores and carnivores
178
the predator may ______ the numbers or distribution of the prey
severely limit
179
as a result of predation, the prey may become
extinct
180
if the predator is scarce or commonly uses another source of food, it may
slightly affect the prey
181
the predator aids in controlling
the number of the prey,
182
although the predator aids in controlling the number of the prey, it does not so as to
endanger the existence of the prey population
183
predator-prey relationships evolve towards
a balance in which the predator is a regulatory influence on the prey, but not a threat to it's survival
184
examples of predators
hawk lion humans Venus flytrap
185
saprophytes include
protists and fungi that decompose (digest) dead organic matter externally and absorb the nutrients
186
saprophytes constitute a vital link in the
cycling of material within the ecosystem
187
examples of saprophytes
mold mushrooms bacteria of decay slime molds
188
scavengers
animals which consume dead animals
189
because scavengers at dead animals, they require no adaptations for
hunting and killing their prey
190
decomposers such as bacteria of decay may be considered
scavengers
191
examples of scavengers
vulture hyena
192
example of both a scavenger and a predator
snapping turtle
193
competition is not restricted to interspecific interactions
may also be intraspecific
194
individuals belonging to the same species utilize the same
resources
195
if a particular resource is limited, organisms must
compete
196
members of the same species compete but they must also
cooperate
197
intraspecific cooperation maybe extensive or nearly nonexistent
extensive vs nonexistent
198
extensive intraspecific cooperation
formation of societies in animal species
199
competition is a chief disruptive force of intraspecific \_\_\_\_\_\_
cooperation
200
cohesive forces (intraspecific interactions)
reproduction protection from predators destructive weather
201
osmoregulation
animals have developed many adaptations for maintaining their internal osmolarity and conserving water
202
saltwater fish live in a
hyperosmotic environment
203
hyperosmotic environment and saltwater fish
causes them to lose water and take in salt
204
saltwater fish, due to hyperosmotic environment, are constantly in danger of
dehydration and must compensate
205
saltwater fish compensate for their hyperosmotic environment by cnostantly _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
constantly drinking and active excretion of salt across gills
206
freshwater fish live in a ______ environment
hypoosmotic
207
hypoosmotic environment causes fish to
intake excess water
208
freshwater fish intake of excess water causes excessive
salt loss
209
saltwater fish correct the excess water intake and excessive salt loss by \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_
seldom drinking absorbing salts through the gills excreting dilute urine
210
in order to conserve water, insects
excrete solid uric acid crystals
211
desert animals possess ______ for avoiding desiccation (drying up)
adaptations
212
adaptation of camel to avoid deseccation
can tolerate a wide range of temperatures fat layers in regions which are exposed to solar radiation
213
adaptation of horned toad to desert the thick scaly skin prevents
water loss
214
other forms of adaptation to the desert
burrow in the sand during the day and search for food at night --- avoiding intense heat (which causes water loss)
215
plants possess adaptations for conservation of water
in addition to animals
216
in order to prevent water loss, non-desert land plants have ____ on leaf surfaces and ____ on the lower leaf surfaces
waxy cuticles; stomata
217
in order to prevent water loss in the winter, plants
shed their leaves
218
in order to prevent water loss, desert plants have extensive
root systems
219
desert plants have ____ to store water
fleshy stems
220
desert plants have ____ to limit water loss
spiny leaves
221
in addition, dessert leaves have extra thick ____ to prevent water loss and very few \_\_\_\_\_
cuticles; stomata
222
cellular respiration transfers energy derived from the oxidation of carbs into
high-energy bonds of ATP
223
\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the energy derived from oxidation of carbs via cellular respiration is transferred into high-energy bonds of ATP
only a fraction
224
60% of the total energy derived from oxidation of carbs (cellular respiration) is given off as
heat
225
poikilothermic
"cold-blooded"; most of the heat energy escapes to environment
226
vast majority of animals are (thermoregulation)
cold-blooded - poikilothermic
227
body temperature of poikilotherms is very close to that of the
surroundings
228
organism's metabolism is closely tied to its
body temperature
229
since organism's metabolism is closely tied to its body temp - activity of a poikilothermic animals is radically affected by the
environment
230
as temperature rises, poikilotherms become
active
231
as temperatures fall, poikilotherms become
sluggish and lethargic
232
homeothermic
warm-blooded
233
homeothermic animals
mammals; birds
234
homeothermic animals have evolved physical mechanisms that allow them to
make use of the heat produced as a consequence of respiration
235
physical adaptations like fat, hair and feathers
retard heat loss
236
homeotherms maintain
constant body temperatures
237
the body temps of homeotherms are _____ than the environment
higher
238
homeotherms are ____ dependent upon environmental temp than poikilotherms
less
239
because homeotherms are less dependent on the environmental temp than poikilotherms, they are able to inhabit
a comparatively wider range of environments
240
all living things require ____ to carry on their life functions
energy
241
food chain/web
complex pathways involved in transfer of energy through the living components of the ecosystem (biotic community)
242
food chain/web involves the _____ community
biotic
243
energy from the sun enters living systems through photosynthetic production of ______ by \_\_\_\_\_
glucose; green plants
244
within the food chain, energy is transferred from original sources in green plants ---\>
through a series of organisms, via consumption ----\> decomposition
245
food chain groups
producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers decomposers
246
producers
autotrophic green plants chemosynthetic bacteria
247
producers utilize energy of the sun and simple raw materials to manufacture
carbs, proteins, lipids
248
examples of simple raw materials producers use for energy
carbon dioxide water minerals
249
autotrophic green plants and chemosynthetic bacteria utilize energy of the
sun and simple raw materials
250
for producers, the radiant energy of the sun is
captured and stored in the C-H bond
251
producers always form the ______ in any food chain
initial step
252
typical producer
wheat plant
253
primary consumers
herbivores - animals that consume green plants
254
examples of primary consumers (herbivores)
cow grasshopper elephant
255
secondary consumers
carnivores - animals that consume primary consumers
256
examples of secondary consumers
frogs tigers dragonflies
257
tertiary consumers
feed on secondary consumers
258
decomposers include
saprophytic organisms organisms of decay
259
examples of saprophytic organisms and organisms of decay
bacteria fungi
260
producers and consumers concentrate and organize materials of the environment into
complex living substances
261
living things give off ____ during their lifetime and eventually \_\_\_\_\_
wastes; die
262
bacteria and fungi decompose the
organic wastes and dead tissues to simpler compounds
263
bacteria and fungi decompose organic wastes and dead tissues into simpler compounds:
nitrates phosphates
264
the simpler compounds reduced by decomposers are
returned to the environment to be used again by living organisms
265
material cycles involve
nitrogen carbon water
266
food chain is not linear, it is
a web
267
almost every species is consumed by (food web)
one or more species
268
food web is a result of
series of branches and cross-branches among all the food chains of a community to form a web
269
stability in the community is fostered by (food web)
greater number of pathways in a community food web
270
example of a food web: owls, rabbits, mice
owls eat rabbits if rabbits died from disease ---\> more vegetation for mice mice thrive owls eat mice rabbit population can re-grow while owls focus on mice
271
with a constant input of _____ from the sun, an ecosystem would run down
energy
272
as food is transferred from one level of energy to the next, a transfer of ____ occurs
energy
273
every energy transfer involves (2nd law of thermodynamics)
loss of energy
274
energy transfer involves energy loss - in addition, energy is lost because
each level of the food chain utilizes some of the energy it obtains from the food
275
each level of the food chain utilizes some of the energy it obtains from the food for
its own metabolism (to support life functions)
276
in the food pyramid, energy is lost via
1. transfer 2. metabolism 3. heat
277
a pyramid of energy is a fundamental property of all
ecosystems at all levels
278
each member of a food chain utilizes some of the energy it obtains from its food for _____ and loses some additional energy in the form of \_\_\_\_\_
metabolism; heat
279
since there is a loss of energy at each feeding level, the producer organism at the base of the pyramid contains
the most energy
280
less energy is available for _____ and even less for \_\_\_\_\_. (pyramid of energy)
secondary; tertiary
281
the least amount of energy is available at the
top of the pyramid
282
organisms at the upper level of the food chain derive their food energy from
organisms at lower levels
283
since organisms at the upper level of the food chain derive their food energy from organisms at lower levels, and since energy is lost from one level to the next, each level can
support a successively smaller biomass
284
300 pounds of foliage (producer) may support 125 lb of insects which may support 50 pounds of insectivorous hens who in turn will only sustain 25 lb of
hawks
285
consumer organisms that are higher in the food chain are usually \_\_\_\_\_, _____ than those further down
larger and heavier
286
since higher organisms are larger and heavier than lower ones, and the lower organisms have a greater total mass, there must be
a greater amount of lower level organisms
287
a large bass eats tiny minnows but eats
many of them
288
Pyramid of Numbers: 5 levels
Level 1: Producer Level 2: Primary Consumer Level 3: Secondary Consumer Level 4: Tertiary Consumer Level 5: Final Consumer
289
As the pyramid ascends, there is (3) (pyramid of numbers)
less energy content less mass fewer numbers of organisms
290
many material cycles are accomplished through the action of
scavengers and decomposers
291
when material is cycled, it passes from organic form to _____ then back again
inorganic
292
types of material cycles
1. nitrogen cycle 2. carbon cycle 3. other
293
nitrogen is an essential component of ____ and _____ (nitrogen cycle)
amino acids nucleic acids
294
amino acids and nucleic acids are the ____ for all living things (nitrogen cycle)
building blocks
295
there is a ____ amount of nitrogen on earth (nitrogen cycle)
finite
296
since there is a finite amount of nitrogen on earth, it need be (nitrogen cycle)
recovered and recycled
297
elemental nitrogen is chemically ____ (nitrogen cycle)
inert
298
elemental nitrogen cannot be used by (nitrogen cycle)
most living organisms
299
these two things change the nitrogen to the usable, soluble nitrates (nitrogen cycle)
lightning nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots of legumes
300
nitrates are absorbed by (nitrogen cycle)
plants
301
once absorbed by plants, nitrates are used to synthesize (nitrogen cycle)
nucleic acids plant proteins
302
animals eat plants and synthesize specific animal proteins from the (nitrogen cycle)
plant proteins
303
both plants and animals give off ____ and eventually _____ (nitrogen cycle)
wastes; die
304
nitrogen is locked up in ____ and _____ of animals (nitrogen cycle)
wastes; dead tissues
305
the nitrogen locked up in the wastes and dead tissues of animals is released by action of the (nitrogen cycle)
bacteria of decay
306
bacteria of decay converts the proteins from dead animals into (nitrogen cycle)
ammonia
307
the ammonia has ___ fates (nitrogen cycle)
2
308
fate 1 of ammonia (nitrogen cycle)
nitrified to nitrites
309
ammonia can be nitrified to nitrites by action of
chemosynthetic bacteria
310
once ammonia is nitrified to nitrites by chemosynthetic bacteria, it is
nitrified to nitrates
311
ammonia is nitrified to nitrates by action of
nitrifying bacteria
312
fate 2 of ammonia
dinitrification
313
denitrification
NH3 ---\> N2 ammonia broken down to release free nitrogen
314
N2 in the nitrogen cycle
beginning: free nitrogen in the atmosphere
315
4 types of bacteria involved in nitrogen cycle
decay nitrifying denitrifying nitrogen-fixing
316
bacteria have _____ use for excretory ammonia, nitrates, nitrites and nitrogen they produce
no use
317
excretory ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, nitrogen produced by bacteria are essential for
existence of other living organisms
318
free nitrogen in the atmosphere, N2 + nitrogen fixing bacteria on roots of legumes ----\>
nitrates, NO3-
319
nitrates, NO3- + absorption by green plants ---\>
plant protein synthesis + nucleic acid synthesis
320
plant protein synthesis + ingestion and digestion of plants by animals ----\>
animal protein synthesis from plant proteins
321
plant waste + dead tissue ---\>
ammonia
322
animal waste + dead tissue ----\>
ammonia
323
plant protein synthesis ---\>
ammonia
324
ammonia, NH3 + nitrifying bacteria, chemosynthesis ----\>
nitrites, NO2
325
nitrites, NO2 + nitrifying bacteria, chemosynthesis ---\>
nitrites, NO3-
326
gaseous CO2 enters the living world when (carbon cycle)
plants use it to produce glucose via photosynthesis
327
plants use glucose to make (carbon cycle)
starch proteins fat
328
plants use _____ to make starch, proteins, fat (carbon cycle)
glucose
329
in plants: CO2 ---\> glucose ---\> (carbon cycle)
starch, proteins, fats
330
animals eat plants and use the digested nutrients to form (carbon cycle)
carbs fats proteins
331
carbs, fats, proteins used as fuel in ____ in plants and animals (carbon cycle)
respiration
332
metabolically produced CO2 is (carbon cycle)
released into air
333
CO2 not released into air remains (carbon cycle)
locked within an organism until its death
334
decay processes by bacteria return the CO2 into the (carbon cycle)
air
335
organic compounds in plants + respiration ---\> (carbon cycle)
CO2 in atmosphere
336
organic compounds in animals and their wastes + respiration ----\>
CO2 in atmosphere
337
organic compounds in animals and their wastes + bacteria of decay ---\>
CO2 in atmosphere
338
organic compounds in plants + ingestion and digestion in animals ---\>
organic compounds in animals and their wastes
339
CO2 in atmosphere + photosynthesis ---\>
organic compounds in plants
340
other cycles recycle
water oxygen phosphorus
341
all things that are recycled are ___ and \_\_\_\_
finite; used by all living things
342
all substances that are cycled must be returned by the biotic community to the _____ so they can be reused
environment
343
an ecosystem is ____ sustaining
self
344
because an ecosystem is self-sustaining, it will be stable if the ____ and ____ are stable
biotic and biotic conditions
345
a stable ecosystem requires (2)
1. a constant energy source 2. living system incorporating this energy into organic compounds
346
cycling
cycle of materials between living system and its environment
347
climax community
stable, living (biotic) part of the ecosystem in which populations exist in balance with each other and with the environment
348
type of climax community depends on all abiotic factors:
rainfall soil conditions temperature shade
349
climax community persists until
major climactic or major geological change disturbs abiotic factors or major biotic change affects populations
350
examples of major biotic change
disease mutations
351
once equilibrium is upset
new conditions are produced new communities established in ecosystem
352
ecological succession
orderly process by which one biotic community replaces or succeeds another until a climax community is established
353
sere
community stage
354
each community stage, or sere, in an ecological succession is identified by a
dominant species
355
dominant species which identifies community stage in ecological succession
species which exerts control over other species that are present
356
dominant species in grassland community
grass
357
changes occur in ecological succession because
each community that establishes itself changes the environment
358
each new community that establishes itself in ecological succession makes the environment
more unfavorable for itself more favorable for the community that is to succeed it
359
successive communities are composed of
populations that are able to exist under the new conditions
360
eventually, a stage arises in which a population alters the environment in such a way that the original conditions giving rise to the population are
recreated
361
climax community is reached when
a stage arises in which a population alters the environment in such a way that the original conditions giving rise to the population are recreated and replacement stops
362
ecological steady state
climax community
363
the climax community is permanent in the ecosystem unless
the abiotic factors are drastically altered by climactic or geographic upheavels
364
if the abiotic factors are drastically altered by climactic or geographic upheavels,
a new series of succession is intiated
365
ecological succession in a barren rocky area - might be barren as a result of
a severe forest fire
366
a pioneer organisms in a barren rocky area may be (northeastern US)
lichen
367
lichen
association between an algae and a fungus that can live on a rocky surface
368
lichens produce
acids
369
acids produced by the lichens
attack the rocks help form soil
370
lichens thrive only on
solid surface
371
as a result of the new formation of soil, conditions for lichens
worsened
372
the new conditions - rocks + soil formation are good for
mosses
373
after the lichens, airborne spores of mosses
land on the soil and germinate
374
the result of the airborne spores of mosses germinating is
a new sere, with moss as the dominant species
375
as remains of the moss build up the soil more, _____ and then ______ become \_\_\_\_\_\_
annual grasses then perennial grasses with deeper roots become the dominant species
376
with time, after grasses are dominant, we find ____ and then \_\_\_\_
shrubs; trees
377
first trees
sun loving: gray birch, poplar
378
more and more trees means competition for
sun
379
as competition for sun increases, the earlier trees are replaced with
white pine
380
final dominant species (northeastern US)
maples and beeches
381
the climax community of maples and beeches is established because they grow in
deep shade
382
the growth of maples and beeches produces
the same conditions that originally favored their appearance
383
since the growth of maples and beeches produces the same conditions that originally favored their appearance, this community
remains for thousands of years
384
in the final maple-beech community you would find (which animals?)
boxes deer chipmunks plant-eating insects
385
one forest fire can
kill the entire community
386
if the entire community is wiped out by a forest fire, ecological succession
starts all over again commencing with the lichen and bare rock
387
starts all over again commencing with the lichen and bare rock
physical factors - temperature, nature of soil, rainfall, etc
388
because the dominant species of a climax community depends on the physical factors, the climax community in new york state in higher elevations is ______ than the climax community in lower elevations
different
389
claimx community in new york state in higher elevations
hemlock-beech-maple
390
climax plant at lower elevations
oak-hickory
391
cold maine climax community
pine
392
wet areas of wisconsin climax community
cypress
393
sandy new jersey climax community
pine
394
cold, windy mountain top climax community
scrub oak
395
ecological succession in a pond, step 1:
pond: plants - algae, pondweed animals: protozoa, water insects, small fish
396
ecological succession in a pond, step 2:
shallow water-pond fills in: reeds, cattails, water lilies
397
ecological succession in a pond, step 3:
moist land: grass, herbs, shrubs, willow trees animals - frogs, snakes
398
ecological succession in a pond, step 4:
woodland: climax tree - pine or oak
399
terrestrial biomes - types
desert biome grassland biome tropical rain forest biome temperate deciduous forest biome temperate coniferous forest biome taiga biome tundra biome polar region
400
evolutionary origin of plants and animals can be traced to the
seas
401
adaptations for animals to survive on land (origins traced to sea)
1. lack of water 2. lack of food and supporting medium 3. varying temperature 4. varying composition of soil
402
oceans have relatively ______ temperatures, as compared to land
constant
403
salt composition of oceans is
definite
404
conditions in different terrestrial and climate regions selected for plants and animals possessing
suitable adaptations
405
each geographic region is inhabited by a
biome
406
biome
distinct community inhabiting geographic region
407
land biomes characterized and named according to
climax vegetation
408
climax vegetation
vegetation that is dominant and stable after years of evolutionary development
409
plants are important as _____ producers
food
410
since plants are important as food producers, determine the
nature of the inhabiting animal population
411
because the plants determine the animals, the climax vegetation determines the
climax animal population
412
desert biome receives ______ rain every year
less than 10 inches
413
rain in desert biomes is
concentrated (few heavy cloudbursts)
414
growing season in desert is
days after rainfalls
415
\_\_\_\_ plants and ____ animals inhabit the desert
small; small
416
most deserve plants _____ water actively
conserve
417
types of desert plants
cactus sagebrush mesquite
418
desert animals live in
burrows
419
examples of desert animals
insects lizards
420
birds and mammals found in the desert have developed
adaptations for maintaining constant body temperatures
421
examples of deserts
sahara in africa gobi in asia
422
grasslands are characterized by ____ rainfall
low
423
grasslands get ____ of rainfall every year
10-30 inches
424
grasslands provide no shelter for _____ from \_\_\_\_\_
herbivorous mammals; carnivorous predators
425
examples of herbivorous mammals inhabiting grasslands
bison antelope cattle zebra
426
animals that inhabit grasslands have developed
long legs hooves
427
examples of grasslands
prairies east of rockies steppes of ukraine pampas of argentina
428
rain forests are also known as
jungles
429
rain forests are characterized by
high temperatures torrential rains
430
climax community of rainforest includes (vegetation)
dense growth of vegetation does not shed leaves
431
vegetation inhabiting rain forests
epiphytes (plants growing on other plants)
432
epiphytes
plants growing on other plants
433
animals inhabiting rain forests
monkeys lizards snakes birds
434
in a rain forest, trees grow
closely together
435
in a rain forest, sunlight
hardly reaches the floor
436
the floor of the rain forest is inhabited by
saprophytes
437
saprophytes live off of
dead organic matter
438
tropical rain forests found in
central africa central america amazon basin southeast asia
439
temperate deciduous forests characterized by
cold winters warm summers moderate rainfall
440
trees characteristic of temperate deciduous forests
beech maple oak willows
441
beech maple oak willows all do this during the winter
shed leaves
442
animals in temperate deciduous forest
deer fox woodchuck squirrel
443
examples of temperate deciduous forest
northeast US central-eastern US central europe
444
temperate coniferous forests characterized by
cold, dry
445
trees of temperate coniferous forests
fir pine spruce
446
vegetation of temperate coniferous forests has evolved adaptations for
water conservation
447
examples of vegetation adaptations for water conservation
needle-shaped leaves
448
temperate coniferous forests found in
norther US souther canada
449
taiga receives ____ rainfall than temperate forests
less
450
taigas characterized by
long cold winters
451
trees in taiga
single coniferous tree: spruce
452
forest floors of taiga contain
moss; lichens
453
chief animal of taiga
moose
454
other animals in taiga
black bear wolf some birds
455
taigas located in
northern canada northern russia
456
tundra characterized by
treeless, frozen plain
457
tundra is found
between taiga and northern ice-sheets
458
tundra summer
very short
459
as a result of the very short summer, the tundra has a
very short growing season
460
during the very short growing season of the tundra, the ground
becomes wet and marshy
461
vegetation of the tundra
lichens moss
462
animals of the tundra
arctic hens polar bears musk oxen
463
polar region characterized by
frozen area
464
polar vegetation and animals
no vegetation no polar vegetation and animals
465
animals that do inhabit the polar regions generally live near
polar oceans
466
sequence of biome between equator and poles is comparable to sequence of regions on
mountains
467
nature of biomes determined by
temperatures and rainfall
468
base of mountain resembles biome of
temperate deciduous forest
469
as one ascends the mountain, one would pass (biomes)
coniferous like biome taiga like biome tundra like biome polar like biome
470
water covers over ____ % of the earth
70
471
most of the earth's plant and animal life is found in the
water
472
\_\_\_\_ % of the earth's food and oxygen production (photosynthesis) takes place in the water
90
473
aquatic biomes and terrestrial biomes have _____ criteria for classification
different
474
plants have ____ controlling influence of aquatic biomes compared to their role in terrestrial biomes
a little
475
aquatic areas are the ______ stable ecosystems
most
476
the conditions affecting temperature, amount of available oxygen and CO2, amount of suspended or dissolved materials are ____ and show \_\_\_\_\_
stable over very large areas; little tendency to change
477
as a result of the most stable ecosystems the aquatic food webs and communities are
stable
478
two types of major aquatic biomes
marine fresh water
479
the oceans connect to form
one major body of water
480
the major body of water formed by the oceans controls the earth's
temperature
481
the oceans control the earth's temperature by
absorbing solar heat
482
water has the distinctive property of absorbing or utilizing
large amounts of heat without undergoing a great temperature change
483
the oceans can absorb or utilize great amount of heat without
undergoing a great temperature change
484
the levels of nutrient materials and dissolved salts in the marine biomes are
relatively constant
485
there are distinct ____ in the marine biomes
zones
486
zones in the marine biome
intertidal zone littoral zone pelagic zone photic zone aphotic zone
487
intertidal zone
low tides variation in temperature periods of dryness
488
populations of intertidal zones
algae sponges clams snails sea urchins starfish crabs
489
littoral zone
on continental shelf reaches depths of 600 ft extends several hundred miles from shores
490
population of littoral zone
algae crabs crustacea fish
491
pelagic zone
open seas
492
pelagic zone can be divided into
photic zone aphotic zone
493
photic zone
open sea sunlit layer depth of 250-600 ft
494
population of photic zone
plankton nekton
495
chief autotroph of photic zone
diatom (algae)
496
diatom
chief autotroph of photic zone algae
497
plankton
passively drifting masses of microscopic photosynthetic and heterotrophic organisms
498
nekton
active swimmers fish sharks whales
499
nekton feed on
nekton feed on plankton
500
aphotic zone
region beneath photic zone no sunlight
501
there is no _____ in the aphotic zone
photosynthesis
502
only _____ exist in the aphotic zone
heterotrophs
503
deep-sea organisms in the aphotic zone have adaptations enabling them to survive in
very cold water high pressures complete darkness
504
population of aphotic zone
nekton benthos
505
benthos
crawling and sessile organisms
506
scavengers and predators
occupy aphotic zone
507
the habitat of the aphotic zone is fiercely
competitive
508
intertidal, littoral, pelagic are (horizontal or vertical)
horizontal
509
photic, aphotic are (horizontal or vertical)
vertical
510
freshwater biomes
links between oceans and land
511
freshwater biomes contain
fresh water
512
examples of freshwater biomes
rivers lakes ponds marshes
513
rivers are routes by which ancient marine organisms
reached land and evolved terrestrial adaptations
514
many marine organisms failed to adapt to land and developed
adaptations for fresh water
515
some marine organisms developed adaptations for both ____ and \_\_\_\_\_
land and fresh water
516
factors affecting life in fresh water
temperature transparency depth of water available CO2 and O2 salt concentration
517
most important factor affecting life in fresh water
salt concentration
518
transparency
illumination due to suspended mud particles
519
fresh water biomes differ from salt water biomes in ___ basic ways
3
520
fresh water is (hypertonic or hypotonic)
hypotonic
521
hypotonic water creates a diffusion gradient resulting in
passage of water into the cell
522
fresh-water organisms have homeostatic mechanisms to maintain
water balance
523
homeostatic mechanisms of fresh-water organisms to maintain water balance by the
removal of excess water
524
examples of mechanisms to remove excess water (maintain water balance) - protozoa and fish
contractile vacuoles or protozoa excretory systems of fish
525
plant cells maintain water balance because they have
rigid cell walls that build up cell pressure
526
rigid cell walls build up pressure as
water flows in
527
rivers and streams, because of the strong swift currents, have selected for plants that have developed
root-like hold-fasts
528
the pressure built up by rigid cell walls as water flows in counteracts
gradient pressure
529
the ability of the pressure built up by the rigid cells walls to counteract the gradient pressure stops the
influx of water and establishes a water balance
530
strong swift currents exist in
rivers and streams
531
rivers and streams, because of the strong swift current, select for fish that have developed
strong muscles
532
fresh water biomes (except for very large lakes) are affected by
variations in climate and weather
533
temperature and fresh water bodies
temp varies considerably - may freeze up or dry up
534
in addition to freezing and drying up, this physical attribute of fresh water bodies is affected
mud from floors may be stirred up by storms
535
three major ways fresh-water biomes differ from salt water biomes
1. strong swift currents of rivers and streams 2. temperature and climate changes of small fresh water bodies (no great lakes) 3. hypotonic environment (fresh water) vs. hypertonic environment (salt water)
