Chapter 12 - Animal Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
reflexes are
A
simple, automatic responses to simple stimuli
2
Q
reflexes respond to
A
simple stimuli
3
Q
definition of reflex
A
reliable occurences of particular behavioral responses following a given environmental stimulus
4
Q
simple reflex is controlled at the
A
spinal cord
5
Q
the spinal cord connects a two-neuron pathway from the ____ to the ____
A
receptor to the motor
6
Q
the receptor is the
A
afferent neuron
7
Q
the motor is the
A
efferent neuron
8
Q
the efferent nerve innervates the
A
effector (muscle or gland)
9
Q
effector
A
muscle or gland
10
Q
reflex behavior is important in the behavioral response of
A
lower animals
11
Q
reflex behavior is less important in the behavioral response of
A
higher animals (vertebrates)
12
Q
sensory neuron —> interneuron —> motor neuron
A
contained in the spinal cord
13
Q
the spinal cord connects a two-neuron pathway from the
A
receptor (afferent neuron) to the motor (efferent neuron)
14
Q
receptor cell –> sensory neuron –> interneuron (spinal cord) —> motor neuron –> effector (muscle)
A
15
Q
more complex reflex patterns involve
A
neural integration at a higher level
16
Q
neural at a higher integration involves the
A
brainstem or cerebrum
17
Q
startle response
A
alerts an animal to a significant stimulus
18
Q
startle response occurs in response to
A
potential danger
hearing one’s name called
19
Q
startle response involves interaction of
A
many neurons - reticular activating system
20
Q
reticular activating system
A
area of the brain responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions.
21
Q
fixed-action patterns
A
complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment
22
Q
releaser
A
stimulus that elicits fixed action patterns
23
Q
fixed action patterns are
A
innate
24
Q
because fixed action patterns are innate, they are unlikely to be
A
modified by learning
25
an animal has a repertoire for of
fixed-action patterns
26
an animal has ____ for learning new fixed action patterns
limited ability
27
the particular stimuli that trigger fixed-action pattern are _____ readily modified
more
28
if stimulus for fixed action patterns are modified, _____ of the stimuli must be maintained
certain cues;
| elements
29
example of fixed action patterns - birds
retrieval and maintenance response of many female birds to an egg
30
certain kinds of stimuli are more effective than others in
triggering a fixed action pattern
31
example of fixed action pattern (egg)
egg with characteristics of that species will be more effective than one which crudely resembles the natural egg
32
example of fixed action pattern (motion)
characteristic movements made by animals that herd or flock together
e.g. swimming of fish
flying of locusts
33
circadian rhythms
daily cycles of behavior
34
animals with circadian rhythms lose their exact 24-hour periodicity if
they are isolated from natural phases of light and dark
35
even if animals lose their exact 24-hour periodicity, cyclical behavior will
continue with appx day to day phasing
36
because the cycle continues with appx day to day phasing, it is thus initiated
intrinsically
37
the circadian rhythm is initiated intrinsically but modified by
external factors
38
a good example of internal and external control are
daily cycles of eating
39
internal controls
natural bodily rhythms of eating and satiation
40
external controls
elements of environment that occur in familiar cyclic patterns
e.g. dinner bells, clocks
41
examples of cyclic behavior
sleep and wakefulness
42
sleep and wakefulness associated with
particular patterns of brain waves
43
periodic environmental stimuli establish and maintain
patterns of behavior
44
example of periodic environmental stimuli
traffic light signals
45
environmental stimuli influence many
naturally occurring biological rhythms
46
biological factors influence
behavior governed by periodic environmental stimuli
47
learned behavior involves ______ to the environment
adaptive responses
48
learning occurs to some extent in all
animals
49
instinctual or innate behaviors are the predominant determinants of behavior patterns in
lower animals
50
learning plays a ______ role in the modification of innate/instinctual behavior or lower animals
relatively low
51
the major share of response to the environment is _____ in higher animals
learned
52
the capacity for learning adaptive responses is closely correlated with the degree of
neurological development
53
neurological development
capacity of the nervous system for flexibility - particularly cerebral cortex
54
habituation is one of the _____ learning patterns
simplest
55
habituation involves
suppression of normal startle responses to stimuli
56
repeated stimulation will result in
decreased responsiveness to that stimulus
57
normal autonomic response to that stimulus would serve no useful purpose when
the stimulus becomes a part of the background environment
58
since normal autonomic response to stimulus would serve no useful purpose when stimulus becomes part of environment, response to stimulus is
suppressed
59
if stimulus is no longer regularly applied, response tends to
recover over time
60
spontaneous recovery
if stimulus is no longer regularly applied, the response tends to recover over time
61
recovery of response may also occur with
modification of stimulus
62
classical conditioning is aka
pavlovian
63
classical conditioning
association of a normally autonomic or visceral response with environmental stimulus
64
response learned through pavlovian conditioning sometimes called a
conditioned reflex
65
normal innate stimulus for a reflex is replaced by
| pavlovian
chosen one (by experimenter)
66
```
example of pavlov's work
step 1 (before conditioning)
```
unconditioned stimulus: food
| unconditioned response: salivation
67
```
example of pavlov's work
step 2 (before conditioning)
```
neutral stimulus: tuning fork
| no conditioned response: no salivation
68
```
example of pavlov's work
step 3 (during conditioning)
```
tuning + fork
| unconditioned response: salivation
69
```
example of pavlov's work
step 4 (after conditioning)
```
conditioned stimulus: tuning fork
| conditioned response: salivation
70
pavlov won a nobel prize for his work on
digestive physiology
71
pavlov studied
salivation reflex in dogs
72
pavlov discovered (1927) that if a dog was presented with an arbitrary stimulus (e.g. bell) and then presented with food, it would eventually
salivate upon hearing the bell alone
73
the food elicited an
unconditioned response of salivation
74
after repeated association of the bell with food, the bell alone could
elicit the salivation reflex
75
the innate or unconditioned response would occur with the
selected stimulus
76
unconditioned stimulus (US)
established (innate) reflex
| e.g. food for salivation
77
unconditioned response (UR)
response that is naturally elicited
| e.g. salivation
78
neutral stimulus
stimulus that will not by itself elicit response (prior to conditioning)
79
during conditioning, the neutral stimulus (e.g. the bell) is presented with the
unconditioned stimulus
| food
80
after conditioning, the neutral stimulus is able to
elicit the response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
81
once the neutral stimulus is able to elicit the response of the unconditioned stimulus, it is called the
conditioned stimulus
82
pavlov's example of the conditioned stimulus is the
sound of the bell for salivation
83
conditioned reflex
product of the conditioning experience
84
the conditioned reflex (response) in pavlov's experiment was
salivation
85
after conditioning, the previously neutral stimulus is now the
conditioned stimulus
86
conditioning
| Pavlov's definition
establishment of a new reflex by the addition of a new previously neutral stimulus to the set of stimuli that are already capable of triggering the response
87
reflex
association of stimulus with response
88
pseudoconditioning
when "neutral" stimulus is able to elicit response before conditioning - not really neutral
89
critical test of conditioning is determination of whether the conditioning process is
necessary for the production of a response by a previously "neutral" stimulus
90
pseudoconditioning can be avoided by
carefully avoiding all prospective stimuli before conditioning begins
91
operant or instrumental conditioning involves
conditioning responses to stimuli with use of reward or reinforcement
92
when organisms exhibits specific behavioral pattern which experimenter would like to see repeated, the animal is
rewarded
93
the reinforcement or reward increases the likelihood that the behavior will
appear
94
reinforcement or reward _____ behavior
reinforces
95
instrumental conditioning was originally applied to conditioning responses under the _____ control of the organisms
voluntary
96
in addition applying instrumental conditioning to condition responses under the voluntary control of the organism, it has been successfully applied to conditioning of
visceral responses
97
example of visceral response
changes in heartbeat
98
B.F. Skinner
first demonstrated principles of operant conditioning
99
Skinner box
original operant conditioning experiment
animal was placed in cage with lever/key and a food dispenser
a food pellet was delivered whenever the animal pressed the lever
100
two categories of reinforcement
positive
| negative
101
positive reinforcement (reward)
providing food, light, electrical stimulation of the animal's brain "pleasure centers"
102
following positive reinforcement, the animal was much more likely to
repeat desired behavioral response
| i.e. press the bar
103
in positive reinforcement, animal has developed a
positive connection between the action (response) and the reward (stimulus which followed)
104
positive reinforcement is likely to be involved in normal ______ formation
habit
105
negative reinforcement involves stimulating the
brain's pleasure centers
106
negative reinforcement links the _____ of certain behavior with _____
lack;
| reward
107
e.g negative reinforcement (bird)
| bird will receive food pellet if it _______ on a yellow circle in its cage
does not peck
108
in negative reinforcement, animal has developed a _____ connection between the action (response) and the reward (stimulus that followed)
negative
109
in operant (instrumental) conditioning, the action is the
response
110
in operant conditioning, the reward is the
stimulus that follows
111
in negative conditioning, the animal has developed a positive connection between the ____ of the action and the reward
lack
112
as a result of negative reinforcement (operant conditioning), the animal is ____ likely to repeat the behavioral response
less
113
punishment
| operant conditioning
conditioning an organisms so that it will stop exhibiting a given behavior pattern
114
punishment may involve painfully shocking the organisms each time
the behavior appears
115
after punishment, the organism is ____ likely to repeat the behavioral response
less
116
the animal develops a _____ connection between the stimulus and the response
negative
117
habit family hierarchy
stimulus usually associated with several possible responses
118
each response associated with a stimulus has a ______ probability of occurrence
different
119
a chicken may respond to light in many ways, but if one particular response is rewarded it will occur with ____ probability in the future
higher
120
reward _____ behavior
strengthens
121
a reward strengthens behavior response and _____ its order in the hierarchy
(habit family hierarchy)
raises
122
punishment _____ specific behavior and ____ its order in the hierarchy
weakens;
| lowers
123
extinction
| modifications of conditioned behavior
gradual elimination of conditioned responses in the absence of reinforcement
i.e. the "unlearning" of response pattern
124
in instrumental and operant conditioning, extinction occurs in the absence of
(conditioned behavior - operant)
reinforcement
125
extinction is the unlearning of
| all conditioned behavior
response pattern
126
before response is extinct, it is
| operant
diminished
127
when a response is extinct, it is not completely unlearned, rather it is
(operant)
inhibited in the absence of reinforcement
128
response will ______ if the reinforcement is returned
| operant
rapidly reappear
129
extinction occurs when when the unconditioned stimulus is _____ or _____
(classical)
removed;
| never sufficiently paired with the conditioned stimulus
130
for the maintenance of the conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus must be
(classical)
paired with the unconditioned stimulus, at least part of the time
131
after sufficient time elapses following extinction, the conditioned response may
(classical)
again be elicited by the conditioned stimulus
132
reflexes respond to
simple stimuli
133
definition of reflex
reliable occurences of particular behavioral responses following a given environmental stimulus
134
simple reflex is controlled at the
spinal cord
135
the spinal cord connects a two-neuron pathway from the ____ to the ____
receptor to the motor
136
the receptor is the
afferent neuron
137
the motor is the
efferent neuron
138
the efferent nerve innervates the
effector (muscle or gland)
139
effector
muscle or gland
140
reflex behavior is important in the behavioral response of
lower animals
141
reflex behavior is less important in the behavioral response of
higher animals (vertebrates)
142
sensory neuron ---> interneuron ---> motor neuron
contained in the spinal cord
143
the spinal cord connects a two-neuron pathway from the
receptor (afferent neuron) to the motor (efferent neuron)
144
receptor cell --> sensory neuron --> interneuron (spinal cord) ---> motor neuron --> effector (muscle)
receptor cell --> sensory neuron --> interneuron (spinal cord) ---> motor neuron --> effector (muscle)
145
more complex reflex patterns involve
neural integration at a higher level
146
neural at a higher integration involves the
brainstem or cerebrum
147
startle response
alerts an animal to a significant stimulus
148
startle response occurs in response to
potential danger
| hearing one's name called
149
startle response involves interaction of
many neurons - reticular activating system
150
reticular activating system
area of the brain responsible for regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions.
151
fixed-action patterns
complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment
152
releaser
stimulus that elicits fixed action patterns
153
fixed action patterns are
innate
154
because fixed action patterns are innate, they are unlikely to be
modified by learning
155
an animal has a repertoire for of
fixed-action patterns
156
an animal has ____ for learning new fixed action patterns
limited ability
157
the particular stimuli that trigger fixed-action pattern are _____ readily modified
more
158
if stimulus for fixed action patterns are modified, _____ of the stimuli must be maintained
certain cues;
| elements
159
example of fixed action patterns - birds
retrieval and maintenance response of many female birds to an egg
160
certain kinds of stimuli are more effective than others in
triggering a fixed action pattern
161
example of fixed action pattern (egg)
egg with characteristics of that species will be more effective than one which crudely resembles the natural egg
162
example of fixed action pattern (motion)
characteristic movements made by animals that herd or flock together
e.g. swimming of fish
flying of locusts
163
circadian rhythms
daily cycles of behavior
164
animals with circadian rhythms lose their exact 24-hour periodicity if
they are isolated from natural phases of light and dark
165
even if animals lose their exact 24-hour periodicity, cyclical behavior will
continue with appx day to day phasing
166
because the cycle continues with appx day to day phasing, it is thus initiated
intrinsically
167
the circadian rhythm is initiated intrinsically but modified by
external factors
168
a good example of internal and external control are
daily cycles of eating
169
internal controls
natural bodily rhythms of eating and satiation
170
external controls
elements of environment that occur in familiar cyclic patterns
e.g. dinner bells, clocks
171
examples of cyclic behavior
sleep and wakefulness
172
sleep and wakefulness associated with
particular patterns of brain waves
173
periodic environmental stimuli establish and maintain
patterns of behavior
174
example of periodic environmental stimuli
traffic light signals
175
environmental stimuli influence many
naturally occurring biological rhythms
176
biological factors influence
behavior governed by periodic environmental stimuli
177
learned behavior involves ______ to the environment
adaptive responses
178
learning occurs to some extent in all
animals
179
instinctual or innate behaviors are the predominant determinants of behavior patterns in
lower animals
180
learning plays a ______ role in the modification of innate/instinctual behavior or lower animals
relatively low
181
the major share of response to the environment is _____ in higher animals
learned
182
the capacity for learning adaptive responses is closely correlated with the degree of
neurological development
183
neurological development
capacity of the nervous system for flexibility - particularly cerebral cortex
184
habituation is one of the _____ learning patterns
simplest
185
habituation involves
suppression of normal startle responses to stimuli
186
repeated stimulation will result in
decreased responsiveness to that stimulus
187
normal autonomic response to that stimulus would serve no useful purpose when
the stimulus becomes a part of the background environment
188
since normal autonomic response to stimulus would serve no useful purpose when stimulus becomes part of environment, response to stimulus is
suppressed
189
if stimulus is no longer regularly applied, response tends to
recover over time
190
spontaneous recovery
if stimulus is no longer regularly applied, the response tends to recover over time
191
recovery of response may also occur with
modification of stimulus
192
classical conditioning is aka
pavlovian
193
classical conditioning
association of a normally autonomic or visceral response with environmental stimulus
194
response learned through pavlovian conditioning sometimes called a
conditioned reflex
195
normal innate stimulus for a reflex is replaced by
| pavlovian
chosen one (by experimenter)
196
```
example of pavlov's work
step 1 (before conditioning)
```
unconditioned stimulus: food
| unconditioned response: salivation
197
```
example of pavlov's work
step 2 (before conditioning)
```
neutral stimulus: tuning fork
| no conditioned response: no salivation
198
```
example of pavlov's work
step 3 (during conditioning)
```
tuning + fork
| unconditioned response: salivation
199
```
example of pavlov's work
step 4 (after conditioning)
```
conditioned stimulus: tuning fork
| conditioned response: salivation
200
pavlov won a nobel prize for his work on
digestive physiology
201
pavlov studied
salivation reflex in dogs
202
pavlov discovered (1927) that if a dog was presented with an arbitrary stimulus (e.g. bell) and then presented with food, it would eventually
salivate upon hearing the bell alone
203
the food elicited an
unconditioned response of salivation
204
after repeated association of the bell with food, the bell alone could
elicit the salivation reflex
205
the innate or unconditioned response would occur with the
selected stimulus
206
unconditioned stimulus (US)
established (innate) reflex
| e.g. food for salivation
207
unconditioned response (UR)
response that is naturally elicited
| e.g. salivation
208
neutral stimulus
stimulus that will not by itself elicit response (prior to conditioning)
209
during conditioning, the neutral stimulus (e.g. the bell) is presented with the
unconditioned stimulus
| food
210
after conditioning, the neutral stimulus is able to
elicit the response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
211
once the neutral stimulus is able to elicit the response of the unconditioned stimulus, it is called the
conditioned stimulus
212
pavlov's example of the conditioned stimulus is the
sound of the bell for salivation
213
conditioned reflex
product of the conditioning experience
214
the conditioned reflex (response) in pavlov's experiment was
salivation
215
after conditioning, the previously neutral stimulus is now the
conditioned stimulus
216
conditioning
| Pavlov's definition
establishment of a new reflex by the addition of a new previously neutral stimulus to the set of stimuli that are already capable of triggering the response
217
reflex
association of stimulus with response
218
pseudoconditioning
when "neutral" stimulus is able to elicit response before conditioning - not really neutral
219
critical test of conditioning is determination of whether the conditioning process is
necessary for the production of a response by a previously "neutral" stimulus
220
pseudoconditioning can be avoided by
carefully avoiding all prospective stimuli before conditioning begins
221
operant or instrumental conditioning involves
conditioning responses to stimuli with use of reward or reinforcement
222
when organisms exhibits specific behavioral pattern which experimenter would like to see repeated, the animal is
rewarded
223
the reinforcement or reward increases the likelihood that the behavior will
appear
224
reinforcement or reward _____ behavior
reinforces
225
instrumental conditioning was originally applied to conditioning responses under the _____ control of the organisms
voluntary
226
in addition applying instrumental conditioning to condition responses under the voluntary control of the organism, it has been successfully applied to conditioning of
visceral responses
227
example of visceral response
changes in heartbeat
228
B.F. Skinner
first demonstrated principles of operant conditioning
229
Skinner box
original operant conditioning experiment
animal was placed in cage with lever/key and a food dispenser
a food pellet was delivered whenever the animal pressed the lever
230
two categories of reinforcement
positive
| negative
231
positive reinforcement (reward)
providing food, light, electrical stimulation of the animal's brain "pleasure centers"
232
following positive reinforcement, the animal was much more likely to
repeat desired behavioral response
| i.e. press the bar
233
in positive reinforcement, animal has developed a
positive connection between the action (response) and the reward (stimulus which followed)
234
positive reinforcement is likely to be involved in normal ______ formation
habit
235
negative reinforcement involves stimulating the
brain's pleasure centers
236
negative reinforcement links the _____ of certain behavior with _____
lack;
| reward
237
e.g negative reinforcement (bird)
| bird will receive food pellet if it _______ on a yellow circle in its cage
does not peck
238
in negative reinforcement, animal has developed a _____ connection between the action (response) and the reward (stimulus that followed)
negative
239
in operant (instrumental) conditioning, the action is the
response
240
in operant conditioning, the reward is the
stimulus that follows
241
in negative conditioning, the animal has developed a positive connection between the ____ of the action and the reward
lack
242
as a result of negative reinforcement (operant conditioning), the animal is ____ likely to repeat the behavioral response
less
243
punishment
| operant conditioning
conditioning an organisms so that it will stop exhibiting a given behavior pattern
244
punishment may involve painfully shocking the organisms each time
the behavior appears
245
after punishment, the organism is ____ likely to repeat the behavioral response
less
246
the animal develops a _____ connection between the stimulus and the response
negative
247
habit family hierarchy
stimulus usually associated with several possible responses
248
each response associated with a stimulus has a ______ probability of occurrence
different
249
a chicken may respond to light in many ways, but if one particular response is rewarded it will occur with ____ probability in the future
higher
250
reward _____ behavior
strengthens
251
a reward strengthens behavior response and _____ its order in the hierarchy
(habit family hierarchy)
raises
252
punishment _____ specific behavior and ____ its order in the hierarchy
weakens;
| lowers
253
extinction
| modifications of conditioned behavior
gradual elimination of conditioned responses in the absence of reinforcement
i.e. the "unlearning" of response pattern
254
in instrumental and operant conditioning, extinction occurs in the absence of
(conditioned behavior - operant)
reinforcement
255
extinction is the unlearning of
| all conditioned behavior
response pattern
256
before response is extinct, it is
| operant
diminished
257
when a response is extinct, it is not completely unlearned, rather it is
(operant)
inhibited in the absence of reinforcement
258
response will ______ if the reinforcement is returned
| operant
rapidly reappear
259
extinction occurs when when the unconditioned stimulus is _____ or _____
(classical)
removed;
| never sufficiently paired with the conditioned stimulus
260
for the maintenance of the conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus must be
(classical)
paired with the unconditioned stimulus, at least part of the time
261
after sufficient time elapses following extinction, the conditioned response may
(classical)
again be elicited by the conditioned stimulus
262
```
spontaneous recovery
(classical)
```
recovery of the conditioned response after extinction
263
stimulus generalization
ability of a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli which are similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus
264
in stimulus generalization, the less similar the stimulus is to the original conditioned stimulus,
the lesser the response will be
265
stimulus discrimination
ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to slightly different stimuli
266
stimulus generalization gradient is established
after the organism has been conditioned
267
stimulus generalization gradient
stimuli further and further away from the original conditioned stimuli elicit responses with decreasing magnitude
268
imprinting is a process in which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a brief "critical period" in early life
become accepted permanently as an element of their behavioral environment and included in an animal's behavior response
269
critical period
specific time periods during animal's early dev. when it is physiologically able to develop specific behavioral patterns
270
imprinting and duckling
critical period in which it learns that the first large moving object it sees is its mother. (in the natural environment - this is usually the case)
271
during the critical period for the duckling, it's mother can be ______
substituted
272
the duckling will follow anything that is
| imprinting
substituted for its mother
273
Konrad Lorenz
ethologist
| first identified imprinting in ducklings
274
Konrad Lorenz, imprinting and ducklings
swam in a pond amongst newly hatched ducklings separated from their mother and found that they eventually follows him as if he were their mother
275
if the proper environmental pattern is not present during the critical period, the behavior pattern will
not develop properly
276
visual critical period
for some animals, if light is not present during this period, visual effectors will not develop properly
277
intraspecific interactions
interactions that occur as a means of communication between members of a species
278
behavioral displays may be defined as an innate behavior that has
evolved as a signal for communication between members of the same species
279
examples of behavioral displays
song
call
intentional change in animal's physical characteristics
280
categories of displays (3)
reproductive displays
agonistic displays
antagonistic displays
dancing (auditory, visual, chemical, tactile elements)
281
reproductive displays
specific behaviors found in all animals (including humans)
| many animals have evolved a variety of complex actions that function as signals in preparation for mating
282
agonistic displays
dog's display of appeasement when it wags it's tail
283
antagonistic displays
dog's behavior when it directs its face straight and raises its body
284
auditory, visual, chemical, tactile elements as means of communication (behavioral displays)
dancing of honeybees (scout honeybee) to convey information concerning quality and location of food sources
285
in addition to reproductive, agonstic and antagonistic displays, these (4) are often used as a means of communication
chemical, tactile, auditory, visual elements
286
relationships among members of the same species living as a contained social group frequently become
stable for a period of time
287
when food, mates, or territory are disputed
| pecking order
dominant member of the species will prevail over a subordinate one
288
pecking order
social hierarchy
289
pecking order minimizes
violent intra-species aggressions
290
pecking order minimizes violent intra-species aggressions by
defining stable relationships among members of the group
291
members of most land-dwelling species _____ a limited area or territory
defend
292
species defend territory from
intrusion by other members of the species
293
territories defended are usually occupied by
male-female pair and are frequently used for mating, nesting, feeding
294
territoriality serves the adaptive function of
distributing members of the species
295
territoriality serves the _____ function
adaptive
296
territoriality serves the adaptive function of distributing members of the species so
environmental resource are not depleted in a small region
297
territoriality reduces intraspecific _____
competition
298
territory size varies with
population size
| density
299
the larger the population size, the ____ the territories are likely to be
smaller
300
olfactory sense is immensely important as a means of
communication
301
many animals secrete substances called
pheromones
302
pheromones
substances secreted by animals
| influence behavior of other members of the same species
303
classification of pheromones (2)
releaser pheromones
| primer pheromones
304
releaser pheromones trigger
a reversible behavioral change in the recipient
305
example of releaser pheromone - female silkworm
secrete powerful attracting pheromone
| male respond to 1/10millionth of a gram from a distance of 2+ miles
306
```
sex attractant (releaser pheromone)
secreted by
```
cockroaches, queen honeybees, gypsy moths
307
releaser pheromones are secreted for these 3 purposes
sex attractant
alarm
toxic defensive
308
primer pheromones produce
longer term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient animals
309
example of primer pheromones - male mice
may affect estrous cycles of females
310
primer pheromones may limit ___ in areas of high animal density
sexual reproduction
311
primer pheromones are important in ____ insects
social
312
in social insects, primer pheromones regulate
role determination
| reproductive capabilities
313
social insects affected by primer pheromones
ants
bees
termites
