1. 3 domains 2. 5 kingdoms 3a. phylum (animal kingdom) 3b. division (other kingdoms) 4a. subphylum 4b. subdivision 5. class 6. order 7. family 8. genus 9. species

Chapter 14 - Taxonomy Flashcards by ronny beer

billions of years of evolution have led to ______ of living organisms

great diversity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

scientists _____ relationships among organisms

relationships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

taxonomy

science of classification and nomenclature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

taxonomy groups organisms based on

evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most confusion about classification with regards to

unicellular organisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

taxonomy takes into account

anatomical characteristics
structural characteristics
modes of excretion
movement
digestion
genetic makeup
biochemical capabilities

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

taxonomic organization proceeds from the ____ to the ____

largest, broadest group

smallest, most specific subgroups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

modern scheme order

3 domains
5 kingdoms
3a. phylum (animal kingdom)
3b. division (other kingdoms)
4a. subphylum
4b. subdivision
class
order
family
genus
species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

organisms of the same _____ can mate with one another

species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

human classification

domain: eukarya
kingdom: animalia
phylum: chordata
subphylum: vertebrata
class: mammalia
order: primates
family: hominidae
genus: homo
species: sapiens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

all organisms are assigned a scientific

name

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

scientific name consists of

Genus

species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nomenclature of scientific name originated by

Carl Linnaeus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

originally, all living things were classified into two categories

plants

animals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 kingdoms

monera
protista
plantae
fungi
animalia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

viruses are considered to ____ living organisms

not be

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

viruses cannot function outside of a

host cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

viruses are dependent upon host’s

reproductive machinery to replicate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

monerans (euk or pro)

prokaryotes

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

monerans are _____ celled organisms

single

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

monerans reproduce

asexully

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

protista (euk or pro)

primitive eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

protista has both ____ and ____ characteristics

plant-like

animal-like

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

protista are ____ celled or composed of _____

single;

colonies of similar cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

protista cells have differentiation of specialized tissue (y or n?)

protista includes all simple eukaryotes that cannot be classified as

plant or animal

eg protista: Euglena

motility of animals | photosynthetic property of plants

fungi is ____ plants

non-photosynthetic

fungi resemble plants in that they are

multicellular differentiated non-motile

fungi are not

photosynthetic

fungi exhibit these interspecific interactions

parasitic (symbiosis) | saprophytic

eg saprophytic fungus

bread mold

eg parasitic fungus

athlete's food

cell walls of fungus composed of

chitin

cell walls in plants composed of

cellulose

plantae: 4 properties

multicellular differentiation non-motile photosynthetic

in reproduction, many plants exhibit

alternation of generations | distinct embryonic phase

animalia: 5 properties

``` multicellular heterotrophic motile differentiated organs in higher forms ```

monera split into

archaea (formerly archaebacteria) | bacteria (used to be eubacteria)

archaea is more similar to ____ than to _____

eukarya; | bacteria

viruses do not carry out physiological or biochemical processes outside of a

host

viruses may be considered

nonliving

viruses are highly advanced

parasites

viruses are capable of

taking over a host's cellular machinery and directing the replication of the viral genome and protein coat

viruses have these types of life-cycles

lysogenic | lytic

lysogenic life cycle (viruses)

integration of bacteriophage dna into host bacterium's genome

newly integrated genetic material (bacteriophage dna + host genome)

prophage

prophage is transmitted to

each daughter cell through each successive reproduction

via a later event (UV radiation), genetic material of prophage can be

released

if prophage genome is released, it can cause proliferation via

lytic cycle

lytic cycle is the ____ method of viral reproduction

main

lytic cycle results in destruction of

infected cell

in lytic cycle, viral dna exists as

separate molecule from host dna

because the viral dna exists as a separate molecule within the bacterium (lytic cycle)

it can reproduce separately

viruses contain

DNA or RNA essential enzymes surrounded by protein coat

bacteriophages

viruses which exclusively attack bacteria

monerans

prokaryotic cells

monerans exist as ___ or ____

single cells | aggregates of cells that stick together after division

cyanobacteria aka

blue-green algae

cyanobacteria live primarily

in fresh water | also marine environments

structure of cyanobacteria

cell wall | photosynethetic pigments

cyanobacteria have no

flagella true nucleus chloroplasts mitochondria

cyanobacteria can withstand

extreme temperatures

cyanobacteria are believed to be descended from

first organisms which developed photosynthetic properties

bacteria

single celled prokaryotes

bacteria DNA

single double-stranded circular loop of DNA | not enclosed by nuclear membrane

almost all forms of bacteria have a

cell wall

bacteria play active role in ____ cycles

biogeochemical

biogeochemical cycles

recycling of chemicals - carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

classification of bacteria according to

morphological appearances

morphological appearances of bacteria

``` cocci (round) bacilli (rods) spirilla (spiral) diplococci (duplexes) staphylococci (clusters) streptococci (chains) ```

bacteria are ubiquitous and possess a wide variety of

biochemical pathways

cocci

round

bacilli

rods

spirilla

spiral

diplococci

duplexes

staphylococci

clusters

streptococci

chains

most protists are

unicellular

in addition to unicellular organisms, protists may be

colonial forms | simple multicellular

protists are neither

plants nor animals

protists (euk or pro)

eukaryotes

protists structure

membrane-bound nucleus | organelles

two major categories of protista

protozoa | algae

protozoa are ____ celled organisms

single

protozoa are heterotrophic or autotrophic

heterotrophic

phyla of protozoa

rhizopods | ciliophors

rhizopods example

amoebas

rhizopods move with

cellular extensions - pseudopods

pseudopods

cellular extensions that aid in movement (rhizopods - amoebas)

cliophors have

cilia

cilia used for

feeding | locomotion

algae or ____ organisms (primarily)

photosynthetic

example of algae

phytoplankton

phytoplankton are important sources of ____ for many marine animals

food

euglena

algal protist photosynthesizes heterotroph moves with flagellum

blue, green and red algae can be multicellular and are sometimes placed in the ____ kingdom

animal

protists may resemble

fungi

slime molds are often placed in kingdom

fungi

despite slime molds placed in fungi, appear more directly related to

protists

slime molds arranged in

coenocytic mass of protoplasm

coenocytic

many nuclei

slime mold undergoes unique life cycle containing both

animal-like and plant-like stages

slime molds reproduce

asexually

slime molds reproduce asexually by

sporulation

slime molds include ____ bodies

fruiting

slime molds have ____ _____ spores

unicellular | flagellated

fungi - euk or pro? mutli or uni?

eukaryotes | multicellular

fungi - hetero or auto?

heterotrophs

fungi are different from plantae because they are

heterotrophs

fungi may be classified as ___ or ____

saprophytic; | parasitic

saprophytic

decompose dead organic material

fungi ____ their food from the ____

absorb; | environment

fungi reproduce by

asexual sporulation or intricate sexual processes

some varieties of fungus - Eumycophyta - may use _____ digestion

extracellular

types of fungus

mushrooms yeast lichens

Eumycophyta

fungus that uses extracellular digestion

general characteristics of kingdom animalia

1. differentiation of tissues, organs, organ systems 2. alimentation 3. locomotion 4. bilateral symmetry 5. nervous system 6. chemical coordinating system

examples of simple multicellular animals

sponges coelenterates flat-worms

simple multicellular animals have ____ differentiation

minimal

most cells of simple multicellular animals are

in direct contact with outside environment

in simple multicellular organisms, few systems are required to

support life processes

systems required to support life processes of simple multicellular organisms

digestive system | reproductive system

in more advanced animals, digestion, locomotion, circulation, message conduction (nervous system) and support are facilitated by

specialized tissues, organs, organ systems

alimentation and animals

all animals engage in alimentation

alimentation

ingestion, digestion, elimination

all animals employ some form of locomotion to acquire

nutrients

locomotion - sessile

sessile animals create currents to trap food

locomotion, in addition to acquiring nutrients, is important for

protection male selection reproduction

most animals have right and left sides which are _____ | bilateral symmetry

mirror images

the head is _____ to the body

animals can exhibit ____ or ____ symmetry

bilateral | radial

animals with radial symmetry

echinoderms | cnidarians

nervous system

enables animal to receive stimuli and control actions

nervous system includes

sense organs specialized conductors higher brain centers

higher brain centers offer

coordination and learning

animals secrete chemicals (hormones) - operate in conjunction with

nervous system

hormones operate in conjunction with nervous system to maintain

homeostasis

``` porifera are (animal kingdom) ```

sponges

porifera (sponges): physical characteristics

two layers of cells pores sessile low degree of cellular respiration

cnidarians aka

coelenterates

cnidarians and digestion

digestive sac - sealed at one end (gastrovascular cavity)

cnidarians physical characteristics (cells)

two layers of cells - ectoderm, endoderm

cnidarians specialized features

tentacles stinging cells net nerves

examples of cnidarians

hydra jellyfish sea anemone coral

platyhelminthes aka

flatworms

physical characteristics platyhelminthes (flatowrms)

ribbon-like | three layers of cells - mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

platyhelminthes (flatworms) do not have a ____ system

circulatory

nervous system of platyhelminthes consists of

eyes anterior brain ganglion pair of longitudinal nerve cords

nematoda (round worms) digestive system

long digestive tubules | anus

nematoda layers of cells

solid mesoderm

nematoda have no ____ system (like platyhelminthes)

circulatory

nervous system nematoda

nerve cords | anterior nerve ring

examples of nematoda

hookworm trichina free-living soil nematodes

annelida aka

segmented worms

nematoda

round worms

platyhelminthes

flat worms

annelida possess a _____ (true body cavity)

coelem

true body cavity

the coelem of the annelida is contained in the

mesoderm

annelids have _____ systems

well-defined

organ systems of annelids include

nervous circulatory excretory

examples of annelids

leeches | earthworms

mollusca are ____ bodied

soft

mollusca possess _____ which house all the bodies internal organs

mantle

mantle (mollusca)

highly muscled structure that houses all of the animal's organs

the mantle may secrete

calcium carbonate exoskeletons

exoskeleton may be made of

calcium carbonate

calcium carbonate aka

calcareous

mollusca breathe by

gills

mollusca contain

chambered hearts blood sinuses pair of ventral nerve cords

examples of mollusca

clams snails squid

arthropods have ____ appendages

jointed

arthropods have _____ exoskeletons

chitinous

arthropods have open _____ systems

circulatory - sinuses

classes of arthropods (3)

insects arachnids crustaceans

insects possess _____ legs

three pairs

insects possess ____ and ____ for breathing

spiracles | tracheal tubes

spiracles and tracheal tubes are for breathing _____ aquatic environment

outside

arachnids have ____ legs

4 pairs

arachnids use ____ for respiration

book lungs

respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange

crustaceans have a _____ body

segmented

the segmented body of crustaceans has a ____ number of appendages

variable

crustaceans also possess ____ for gas exchange

gills

examples of arachnids

spiders | scorpion

examples of crustaceans

crabs lobster crayfish shrimp

echinoderms are (soft or spiny?)

spiny

echinoderms are ____ symmetrical

radially

echinoderms have this kind of vascular system

water-vascular

echinoderms have a unique capacity to ____ parts

regenerate

there is an evolutionary link between echinoderms and

chordates

chordates characterized by

stiff dorsal rod - notochord

the notochord is a

stiff dorsal rod

the notochord is present during

some stage of embryological development

at some point during development, in addition to the notochord, chordates have

paired gill slits | tail extending beyond anus

chordates that are not vertebrates

lancelets tunicates amphioxus

chordates that are not vertebrates have a notochord but no

backbone

the most advanced subphylum of chordates

vertebrates

vertebrates include

``` amphibians reptiles birds fish mammals ```

in addition to the characteristics common to all chordates (notochord, developmental gill slits, tail), vertebrates possess

vertebrae

bones which form the backbone

bony vertebrate replace the notochord of the embryo, which serves to

protect the nerve chord

in vertebrates, a bony case also protects the

brain

skull

bony case which protects the brain; | vertebrates

classes of vertebrates

``` fish amphibia reptiles birds mammals ```

all fish possess

two-chambered heart | gills

all fish utilize _____ fertilization for reproduction

external

types of fish (3)

jawless fish cartilaginous fish bony fish

jawless fish are ____ like

eel

jawless fish retain the _____ throughout life

notochord

jawless fish have a ______ internal skeleton

cartilaginous

jawless fish have no

jaws

jawless fish have a ____ mouth

sucking

cartilaginous fish possess ____ and ____ in the mouth

jaws; | teeth

in cartilaginous fish, a notochord exists though it is

reduced

the reduced notochord of cartilaginous fish exists as _____ between ____

segments; | cartilaginous vertebrae

example of cartilaginous fish

shark

examples of jawless fish

lamprey; | hagfish

bony fish are the _____ type of fish

most prevalent

bony fish have ____ (visible on the exterior)

scales

bony fish ____ notochord in adult life

lack

during development of bony fish, cartilage is

replaced by bony skeleton

examples of bony fish

surgeon trout tuna

amphibia larval stage

tadpole

amphibia larval stage is found in

water

the tadpole possess (physical attributes)

gills tail no legs

adult amphibian lives on

land

adult amphibian (physical attributes)

two pairs of legs no tail three-chambered heart no scales

adult amphibian utilizes _____ fertilization

external

adult amphibians lay eggs in ____ with a ____

water; | jelly-like secretion

examples of amphibians

frog salamander toad newt

adult amphibian has a ____ heart

three-chambered

a tadpole has ____ but no ____; an adult amphibian has ____ but no ____

tail, legs; | legs, tail

reptiles live on

land

reptiles breathe air by means of

lungs

reptiles eggs are

leathery

reptiles utilize _____ fertilization

internal

reptiles are (cold or warm blooded?)

poikilothermic (cold-blooded)

reptiles have scales and, like adult amphibians, a ____ heart

three-chambered

examples of reptiles

turtle lizard snake crocodile

birds have a ____ heart

4-chambered

birds are (warm or cold?)

homeothermic (warm-blooded)

birds reproduce ____ via ____

externally; | eggs

birds eggs are surrounded by

shells

examples of birds

hen | eagle

mammals are homeothermic and feed their offspring with

milk produced by mammary glands

mammal milk is produced by

mammary glands

types of mammals (3)

monetremes marsupials placental

monetremes reproduction

lay leathery eggs

monetremes physical attributes

horny bills

monetremes and mammary glands

mammary glands with numerous openings but no nipples

examples of monetremes

duckbill platypus | spiny anteater

marsupials defining characteristics

pouches

marsupial embryos begin development in the ____ and complete development in the ____

uterus; | pouch

in the pouch, during the latter part of development, marsupials are

attached to nipples

examples of marsupials

kangaroo | opossum

placental mammals have embryos that develop

fully in uterus

the ____ attaches the embryo to the ______

placenta; | uterine wall

the placenta provides for the exchange of

food, oxygen, waste material

examples of placental mammals

bad whale mouse man