Chapter 8 - Respiration

Question 1

respiration

definition

Answer 1

utlization of oxygen by an organism

Question 2

utilization of oxygen by an organism includes

Answer 2

intake of oxygen from environment

transport of oxygen in blood

ultimate oxidation of fuel molecules in cell

Question 3

external respiration

Answer 3

entrance of air into lungs and gas exchange between alveoli and blood

Question 4

internal respiration

Answer 4

exchange of gas between blood and cells and intracellular process of respiration

Question 5

respiration in invertebrates

types

Answer 5

unicellular and simple multicellular organisms

annelids

arthropod phylum

Question 6

respiration in invertebrages

unicellular and simple multicellular organisms

example

Answer 6

protozoa and hydra (phylum: cnidaria)

Question 7

respiration in protozoa and hydra (phylum: cindaria)

cells and environment

Answer 7

every cell is in contact with external environment (water)

Question 8

in protozoa and hydra (phylum: cnidaria)

because every cell is in contact with the environment (water), respiratory gases can be exchanged between the cell and the environment via

(unicellular and simple multicellular organisms)

Answer 8

simple diffusion through cell membrane

Question 9

respiration in annelids (earthworm) involves:

(respiration in invertebrates)

Answer 9

external mucus

circulatory system

Question 10

respiration in annelids

mucus secreted by cells on external surface of earthworm’s body provides

Answer 10

moist surface for gaseous exchange by diffusion

Question 11

gaseous exchange between annelids and environment occurs via

Answer 11

diffusion

facilitated by mucus secreted by cells on external surface of body

Question 12

respiration in annelids

circulatory system

Answer 12

brings oxygen to cells and waste products (CO2) back to skin for secretion

Question 13

circulatory system in annelds

structure

Answer 13

aortic loops (hearts)

dorsal vessel

ventral vessel

other organs:

esophagus

brain

mouth

Question 14

arthropod phylum

grasshopper

structure

(respiration in invertebrates)

Answer 14

tracheae whose branches reach to almost every cell

tracheae open to surface in spiracles

Question 15

tracheae

(grasshoppers)

Answer 15

series of respiratory tubules whose branches reach almost every cell

Question 16

spiracles

Answer 16

tracheae open to surface in openings called spiracles

Question 17

system of tracheae and spiracles permits

Answer 17

intake

distribution

removal

of respiratory gases directly bw air and body cells by diffusion

Question 18

_____ is not needed in respiration of grasshopper

Answer 18

carrier of oxygen

Question 19

efficiency of respiratory system of grasshopppers allows for

Answer 19

relatively effortless circulatory system

Question 20

respiration in humans

air enters ____ after travelling through ____

Answer 20

lungs;

respiratory airways

Question 21

air passages

(human respiration)

Answer 21

nose

pharynx (throat)

larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

Question 22

gas exchange between lungs and circulatory system occurs across

Answer 22

very thin walls of alveoli

Question 23

alveoli

Answer 23

air-filled sacs at terminals of airway branches

Question 24

how many alveoli

Answer 24

300 million

Question 25

respiratory surface area

Answer 25

100 m2

Question 26

following gas exchange, air rushes back through respiratory pathway and is

Answer 26

exhaled

Question 27

ventilation

Answer 27

process by which air is inhaled and exhaled

Question 28

purpose of ventilation

Answer 28

take in oxygen from atmosphere eliminate carbon dioxide from body

Question 29

during inhalation

Answer 29

diaphragm contracts and flattens external intercostal muscles contract pushing rib cage and chest wall up and out

Question 30

inhalation allows

Answer 30

thoracic cavity to increase in volume increase in volume reduces pressure, causing lungs to expand and fill with air

Question 31

exhalation is a ____ process

Answer 31

passive

Question 32

lungs and chest wall are highly _____ and tend to \_\_\_\_

Answer 32

elastic; recoil to their original positions following inhalation

Question 33

during exhalation

Answer 33

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the chest wall pushes inward decrease in thoracic cavity volume air pressure increases lungs deflate - forces air out of alveoli

Question 34

ventilation regulated by

Answer 34

neurons located in medulla oblongata (these neurons are respiratory centers)

Question 35

respiratory centers

Answer 35

neurons located in medulla oblongata regulate ventilation rhythmic discharges timulate intercostal muscles and/or diaphragm to contract

Question 36

medulla oblongata stimulates increase in the rate of ventilation when

Answer 36

partial pressure of CO2 rises

Question 37

pulmonary capillaries

Answer 37

dense network of minute blood vessels surrounding the alveoli

Question 38

gas exchange occurs via _____ across \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

diffusion; capillary walls and those of the alveoli

Question 39

gases move from regions of ____ partial pressure to region of ____ partial pressure

Answer 39

higher; lower

Question 40

oxygen diffuses from the _____ into the \_\_\_\_

Answer 40

alveolar air; blood

Question 41

carbon dioxide fissues from the ____ into the _____ to be \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

blood; lungs; exhaled