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Psychology 101 > Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatment

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2
Q

What is psychological disorder?

A

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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3
Q

What did Wakefield propose?

A

proposed a more influential concept in which he defines psychological disorders as harmful dysfunction

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4
Q

When does dysfunction occur?

A

Occurs when an internal mechanism breaks down and cannot perform perform its normal function

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5
Q

When can a dysfunction be classified as a disorder?

A

When it becomes harmful

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6
Q

What is a harmful dysfunction?

A

Dysfunction that leads to negative consequences for the individual or for others

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7
Q

What is the APA definition of a psychological disorder?

A

a condition that consists of the following:
- significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors outside of cultural norms
- disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or development dysfunction
- disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life

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8
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

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9
Q

What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?

A

Book published by the APA that categorizes psychological disorders

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10
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

a classification system used by most mental health professionals

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11
Q

What is the breakdown of the DSM-5?

A
  1. diagnostic features - overview of the disorder
  2. diagnostic criteria - specific symptoms required for diagnosis
  3. prevalence - percent of population thought to be afflicted
  4. rish factors
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12
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

co-occurrence of two disorders

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13
Q

What is the international classification of diseases (ICD)?

A

Published by the World Health Organization (WHO) that classifies some but not all disorders

  • there are differences b/w them and the DSM
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14
Q

What is the difference between the ICD and the DSM?

A

ICD is for clinical diagnosis vs DSM is moreso for research

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15
Q

What is the supernatural perspective?

A

psychological disorders attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding

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16
Q

What is the dancing mania?

A

Epidemic in Western Europe in which groups of people would suddenly begin to dance with wild abandon

  • cause is unknown but behavior was attributed to supernatural forces apparently
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17
Q

What are the biological perspectives of psychological disorders?

A
  • genetic factors
  • chemical imbalances
  • brain abnormalities
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18
Q

What is the psychosocial perspective?

A

emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty, and self-defeating thinking patterns, and environmental factors

  • combo of biological and psychosocial factors cause psychological disorders
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19
Q

What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?

A

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

diathesis + stress –> development of a disorder

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20
Q

What is fear?

A

An instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat?

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21
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative content

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22
Q

What is an anxiety disorder?

A

A disorder characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

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23
Q

What is a phobia?

A

a disorder that involves excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

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24
Q

What is acrophobia?

A

fear of heights

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25
What is aerophobia?
fear of flying
26
What is arachnophobia?
fear of spiders
27
What is claustrophobia?
fear of enclosed spaces
28
What is agoraphobia?
Disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences a panic attack
29
What are some ways someone can acquire a phobia? (3)
1. classical conditioning 2. vicarious learning 3. verbal transmission of information
30
What is a social anxiety disorder?
a disorder characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially by evaluated negatively by others
31
What are safety behaviors?
mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes
32
What is behavioral inhibition?
a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations
33
What is panic disorder?
disorder of recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern abt additional panic attacks
34
What is a panic attack?
a period of extreme fear of discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes
35
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
36
What are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? (4)
- restlessness - difficulty concentrating - easily fatigued - muscle tension
37
What disorder where you obsess over things?
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
38
What is the worst thing about DSM?
it leads to labels, in which the labeling of a disorder can be stigmatizing
39
What are obsessions?
persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing
40
What are compulsions?
repetitive and ritualistic acts, typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event
41
What is the body dysmorphic disorder?
involves a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in the individuals physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
42
What is a hoarding disorder?
involves great difficulty in discarding possessions, regardless of how valueless/useless they are
43
What part of the brain does OCD affects?
the orbitofrontal cortex - involved in larning and decision making
44
What is the diagnosis of PTSD?
individual was exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experience.
45
What are some risk factors of PTSD?
- trauma experience - low socioeconomic tasks - history of mental disorder - neuroticism
46
What is a mood disorder?
A disorder characterized by massive disruptions in mood and emotions that can cause a distorted out look on life, and impair ability to function
47
What is depression?
A disorder in which there's intense and persistent sadness
48
What is the main feature of bipolar and related disorders?
Mania
49
What is mania?
extreme elation and agitation
50
What is a manic episode?
A distinct period of abnormality and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood or increased activity/energy
51
What are subtypes of depression?
- seasonal depression - peripartum onset (postpartum depression) - persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
52
What is seasonal pattern depressio?
depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of the year
53
What is postpartum depression?
major depression during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following the birth
54
What is persistent depressive disorder?
depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least 2 years, as well as at least 2 of the other symptoms of major depression. - Chronically sad but do not meet all the criteria for major depression
55
What is bipolar disorder?
disorder that involves mood states that fluctuate b/w depression and mania
56
What hormone is elevated during depression?
Cortisol (stress hormone)
57
What do medications for depression do?
usually increase serotonin and norepinephrine
58
What do medications for bipolar disorder do?
lithium usually blocks norepinephrine activity at the synapse
59
What two things in the brain are affected by depression?
- amygdala - prefrontal cortex
60
What are depressive schemas?
schemas that contain themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy
61
What is the hopelessness theory?
specific negative thinking style --> sense of hopelessness --> depression
62
What is negative thinking?
refers to a tendency to perceive negative life events as having stable and global causes
63
What is hopelessness?
expectation that unpleasant outcomes will occur or desired outcomes will not occur, and there is nothing one can do to prevent the outcome
64
What is rumination?
repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather than distracting one's self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem solving manner
65
What are the symptoms of schizophrenia? (6)
1. delusions - false beliefs 2. hallucinations 3. disorganized speech 4. lack of language 5. motor disturbances 6. repetitive movements or they become a statue
66
What is the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?
- an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
67
What is dissociative disorder?
a disorder that's characterized by an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from their sore sense of self
68
What is dissociative amnesia?
inability to recall important personal information
69
What is dissociative fugue?
individual suddenly wanders away from home, experiences confusion abt their identity, and in some cases may adopt a new identity
70
What depersonalizaton/derealization disorder?
a disorder characterized by recurring episode of depersonalization, derealization, or both
71
What is depersonalization?
feelings of "unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, one's whole self or from aspects of the self"
72
What is derealization?
a sense of "unreality or detachment from, or unfamiliarity with, the world, be it individuals, inanimate objects, or all surroundings"
73
What is dissociative identity disorder formerly known as?
multiple personality disorder
74
What is dissociative identity disorder?
a disorder in which individual exhibits two or more separate personalities or identities
75
What is a personality disorder?
a disorder characterized by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture and causes distress or impairment
76
What is apart of cluster A personality disorder? (3)
- paranoid personality disorder - schizoid personality disorder - schizotypal personality disorder
77
What is apart of cluster B personality disorder? (4)
- antisocial personality disorder - histrionic personality disorder - narcissistic personality disorder - borderline personality disorder
78
What is apart of cluster C personality disorder? (3)
- avoidant personality disorder - dependent personality disorder - obssessive-compulsive disorder
79
What is borderline personality disorder?
disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood as well as marked impulsivity
80
What are some symptoms of borderline personality disorder? (4)
- cannot tolerate being alone - relationships are intense/unstable - unstable view of self - reckless behavior
81
What is antisocial personality disorder?
disorder characterized by complete lack of regard for other people's rights or feelings
82
What are symptoms of antisocial personality disorder? (5)
- repeatedly performing illegal acts - lying/conning others - recklessness - lack of remorse - superficial charm
83
What are the causes of antisocial personality disorder? (3)
- genetics - emotional deficits - brain anatomy less activation
84
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
disorders that involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning
85
What is ADHD?
constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning
86
What are the causes of ADHD? (3)
- genetics - neurotransmitters such as dopamine decreases - less activation of brain anatomy
87
What are the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder? (3)
- deficits in social interaction - deficits in communication - repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
88
What are the causes of autism? (2)
- genetics - environmental factors

Psychology 101 (16 decks)

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