Chapter 10: Muscle tissue & organization Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
What are the properties of muscle tissue?
A
- Excitability
- Conductivity
- Contractility (tension & shorten)
- Elasticity
- Extensibility
2
Q
What are the different functions of skeletal muscle?
A
- Movement
- Posture
- Temperature regulation
- Storage/ movement (sphinters)
- Support
3
Q
Fascicles
A
Bundles of muscle fibers
4
Q
what is endomysium?
A
within muscle; innermost connective tissue layer; fiber
5
Q
what is perimysium?
A
surrounds the fascicles; contains extensive arrays of blood vessels & nerves that branch to supply each individual fascicle
6
Q
what is epimysium?
A
a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle
7
Q
what is deep fascia?
A
additional expansive sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that lies external to the epimysium
- separate individual muscles
-binds together muscles w/ similar functions
-forms sheaths to help distribute nerves, blood vessels & fills spaces b/t muscles
8
Q
which layer is deep fascia internal to?
A
superficial fascia
9
Q
what is superficial fascia?
A
composed of areolar and adipose distinctive tissue that separates muscle from skin
10
Q
what level is epimysium?
A
a muscle
11
Q
what connective tissue covering goes with fascicle?
A
perimysium
12
Q
what connective tissue covering goes with muscle?
A
endomysium
13
Q
what connective tissue covering goes with fascicle?
A
Perimysium
14
Q
what connective tissue covering goes with Fiber?
A
Endomysium
15
Q
Where are muscle fibers located and what do they contain?
A
- Located in sarcolemma
- Sarcoplasm
- Contains myofibrils (length of cells & myofilaments)
16
Q
Myosin
A
Thick filaments (11nm)
17
Q
Actin
A
-Thin filaments (9nm)
- Also tropomyosin & troponin (regulates contraction)
- Nebulin (thin filament formation)
18
Q
In context of myofilaments, size & density difference between _____________ filaments
A
thick & thin
19
Q
How do A band and I bands appear under a light microscope?
A
-A- bands (appear dark) (thick filaments)
- I bands (appear light) (thin filaments)
20
Q
Electron microscope related to H-zone, M-line, Z-Disc
A
- H-zone (thick filaments only)
- M-line (attachment site for thick fibers)
- Z-disc (attachment site for thin fibers)
21
Q
How is Sacromere related to Z-discs?
A
- The distance between two Z- disc
- The functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction
22
Q
Neuromuscular junction
A
- Contains the synaptic knob (synaptic vesicles (contains acetylcholine (ACH))
- Contains synaptic cleft (acetylcholinesterase (breaks down ACH)
- Motor end plate (located in sacrolemma, folded, & has ACH receptors)
23
Q
Sliding filament theory
A
-Thick & thin fibers pass each other during contraction
- H-zone & I-band disappear at maximal contraction
- Overall shortening
-Tension
24
Q
What are the steps involved in skeletal muscle contraction?
A
- Nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction
- ACH released into synaptic cleft
- Ach binds to receptors in the motor end plate initiating an impulse along the sarcolemma
- Impulse travels along sacrolemma & T-tubules
- Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
6.Calcium ions bind to troponin
- Troponin moves tropomyosin & exposes active sites on the actin
- Myosin heads bind to active sites & pivots
- ATP binds to myosin head
- Myosin head detaches from actin & resets
11.Nerve impulse stops
- Calcium ions transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Tropomyosin covers active sites, myosin can’t bind muscles relaxes
25
Motor units
- "All or none" principle
- Muscle tone
(- resting tension in skeletal muscles
- not enough forces for movement
-some motor units always active)
26
Isometric contraction
Length of muscle doesn't change (tension greater than or equal to resistance)
27
Isotonic contraction
Fibers shorten
(- Tension is greater than resistance)
28
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
1. Concentric contractions
2. Eccentric contractions
29
Concentric contractions
Actively shortens a muscle
30
Eccentric contractions
Controlled lengthening of a muscle
31
Slow oxidative fibers
- Relatively thinner
- Slower/ less powerful contractions
- Stay contracted longer
-Aerobic respiration
- Dark red (myoglobin)
- Heavily vascularized
-Many mitochondria
32
Fast Oxidative fibers
-Intermediate fibers
-Fast/powerful contraction
-Aerobic respiration
- Lighter red (less myoglobin)
- Not as vascularized
- Fewer mitochondria
- Medium endurance
33
What are the different arrangements muscle come in?
-Circular
-Parallel
-Convergent
-Pennate (unipennate, bipennate)
34
Atrophy
-Wasting
- Tone, size, power
35
Hypertrophy
-increase in myofibril number
- Increase in myofilaments (fast fibers)
-More mitochondria
-Larger glycogen stores
36
What are insertions of Tendons?
Aponeurosis if thin sheet
-Origin: less mobile attachment, proximal (in limbs)
- Insertion (more mobile, distal (in limbs))
37
Skeletal muscle action
- Agonist (prime mover)
-Antagonist
-Synergist
38
What are the actions of the Trapezius and where is its insertion?
-Origin: occipital bone
-Spinous process of C7-T12
-Insertion: Clavicle, scapular spine, acromion
-Action: elevates, retracts, depresses, rotates scapula
-Spinal accessory n.
39
What are the actions of Latissimus Dorsi?
- Thoracolumbar fascia to medial border of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
- Extends, adducts, medially rotates arm
40
What are the different Upper limb: Axioappendicular muscles ?
•Teres Major
• Rhomboid Major
• Rhomboid Minor
• Levator Scapulae
•Pectoralis major
•Pectoralis minor
•Deltoid
41
What is the action and insertion of the Pectoralis major?
- Origin: clavicle.
costal cartilages 2-6, body of sternum
- Insertion: Lateral
intertubercular groove
- Action
• Arm flexion.
adduction, medial rotation
42
Pectoralis minor is known as __________ stabilizer
Shoulder
43
What are the actions of the Deltoid muscle & what is its insertion?
- Origin
• Scapular spine, acromion, acromial end of clavicle
- Insertion
• Deltoid tuberosity
- Action
• Abducts arm, also flexes & extends arm
44
What are the actions of Serratus Anterior and what where is it’s insertion?
Origin
• Ribs 1-8
- Insertion
• Medial border of scapula
- Stabilizes scapula
- "winged scapula" if paralyzed
•Radical mastectomy
• Fencing
45
What is the action of Subscapularis and where is its insertion?
Origin
• Subscapular fossa
- Insertion
• Lesser tubercle of humerus
Action
• Medially rotates humerus
• Stabilizes shoulder
46
What is the action of Teres Minor and where is its insertion?
Origin
• Lateral border of scapula
- Insertion
• Greater tubercle of humerus
Action
• Adducts and laterally rotates arm
• Stabilizes shoulder
47
What are Upper limb: Anterior arm muscles ?
-Biceps Brachii
-Brachialis
48
What are the action of Biceps Brachi and where is its insertion?
Spans shoulder & elbow
- 2 heads
Origin
•Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
• Coracoid process of scapula
- Insertion
• Radial tuberosity
- Action
• Flexes forearm. arm
• Supinator of forearm
49
What are the action of Brachialis and where is its insertion?
Spans elbow only
- Origin
• Anterior surface of humerus.
- Insertion
• Coronoid process of ulna
- Action
•Flexes forearm
50
What are the Upper limb: Posterior arm muscles ?
Triceps brachii
51
What are the actions of the Triceps brachi and where is its insertion?
Origin
• Infraglenoid tubercle & posterior humerus
- Insertion
• Olecranon of ulna
Action
• Extends forearm, extends & adducts
arm
52
What are the Upper limb: Forearm Anterior Compartment muscles ?
- Pronator teres
-Flexor carpi radialis
-Palmaris longus
-Flexor carpi ulnaris
-Flexor digitorum superficialis
53
What are the actions of the Pronator teres and where is its insertion?
Anterior compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus & coronoid process of ulna
- Insertion
• Lateral surface of radius
- Action
•Pronates forearm
54
What are the actions of the Flexor Carpi Radialis and where is its insertion?
Anterior compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Base of Metacarpal I and II
- Action
• Wrist flexor, abducts hand
55
What are the actions of the Palmaris longus and where is its insertion?
Anterior compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Palmar aponeurosis
- Action
• Weak wrist flexor
56
What are the actions of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and where is its insertions?
Anterior Compartment
- Origin
• Medial epicondyle of humerus.
coronoid process of ulna
- Insertion
• Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
- Action
• Flexes wrist metacarpal joints and interphalangeal joints
57
Upper limb: forearm posterior compartment muscles
-Mostly extensors
-Brachioradialis
-Extensor Carpi radialis longus
-Extensor digitorum
-Extensor digitorum
-Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
58
Brachioradialis
Lateral side of forearm
- Origin: anterior side of distal humerus
- Insertion: Styloid process of radius
- Action: flexes forearm
59
Where is the insertion of Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus?
Posterior compartment
- Origin
• Lateral epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Base of Metacarpal II
60
Where is the insertion of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?
Posterior compartment
- Origin
• Lateral epicondyle of humerus
- Insertion
• Base of Metacarpal V
61
Lower limb: Gluteal region muscle
Gluteus Maximus
62
Gluteus maximus
Origin
•Iliac crest, sacrum.
соссух
- Insertion
. Tiotibial tract, linea aspera
- Action
• Extends and laterally rotates thigh
63
Lower Limb: Gluteal Region muscles
- Gluteus medius and minimus
-Hip stabilizers
-Pitiformis
-Obturartor internus
-Quadratus femoris
64
Gluteus Medius and
Minimus
Origin
• Lateral surface of
- Insertion
• Greater trochanter of femur
Action
• Abducts thigh
65
What are the insertions of the Hip Stabilizers?
Pull femur into acetabulum
- Origin
• Sacrum and/or pelvis
- Insertion
• Greater trochanter
66
Lower limb: Anterior thigh
-Sartorius
-Iliopsoas
-Quadriceps femoris
•Rectus femoris
•Vastus laterales
•Vastus intermedius
67
Sartorius
Origin
• Anterior Superior Iliac
Spine
- Insertion
• Medial side of tibial tuberosity
- Action
• Flexes thigh, knee, rotates leg medially
• "cross-leg sitting"
68
Iliopsoas
Origins
• Iliacus: iliac fossa
• Psoas major:
transverse processes
of thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae
- Insertion
• Lesser trochanter of
femur
- Actions
• Hip flexor
69
Quadriceps Femoris has how many muscles
4 muscles
70
Rectus Femoris
Origin
Anterior inferior iliac
spine
- Insertion
Tibial tuberosity (via
patella)
- Action
• Hip flexor
. Knee extensor
71
Vastus group
Vastus Lateralis, Intermedius, Medialis Origin
• Linea aspera, anterior femur
- Insertion
• Tibial tuberosity (via
patella)
- Action
• Knee extensor
72
Lower limb: Posterior thigh muscles
Hamstrings
-Biceps femoris (Long Head)
-Semimembranosus
-Semitendinosus
73
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris (long head), Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus
- Origin: Ischial tuberosity
- Insertion
• Biceps femoris: proximal fibula
• Others: medial condyle of tibia
- Action: Hip extension, knee flexion
74
Lower limb: Medial thigh muscles
Adductor compartment
-Pectineus
-Adductor brevis
-Adductor longus
-Adductor magnus
-Gracilis
75
Adductor compartment
Origin
• Pubis & Ischium
- Insertion
• Linea aspera
• Adductor tubercle
- Action: Adduct thigh
76
Gracilis
Origin
•Pubis
- Insertion
• Proximal medial
surface of tibia
- Action
• Adducts thigh, flexes hip & knee
77
Lower limb: Anterior leg muscles
Tibialis Anterior muscle
78
Tibialis Anterior
Origin
• Lateral condyle, shaft of tibia
- Insertion
• Metatarsal I, adjacent tarsals
Action
• Dorsiflexes, inverts foot
79
Lower limb: Posterior leg muscles
- Gastrocnemius
-Soleus
80
Gastrocnemius
Origin
• Distal femur above condyles
- Insertion
•Calcaneus
- Action
Flexes knee
• Plantar flexes foot
81
Soleus
Origin
• Fibular head. medial tibia
- Insertion
• Calcaneus
- Action
• Plantar flexes foot
82
Lower limb: lateral leg muscles
-Fibularis longus
-Fibularis brevis
83
Fibularis longus
Origin: head of fibula, lateral tibia
- Insertion: Base of MT I, distal tarsals
- Action: eversion
84
Fibularis brevis
Origin: distal fibular shaft
- Insertion: MT V
- Action: eversion
