Chapter 22: Heart System (lecture)

Question 1

features of the heart

Answer 1

-move the blood with needed circulation
-heart beats 75 times/min

Question 2

what are the two parallel pumps?

Answer 2

-pulmonary circulation
-systemic circulation

Question 3

what occurs in the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 3

takes blood to the lungs and then back to the heart

Question 4

what occurs in the systemic circulation?

Answer 4

takes blood from the heart and to the rest of the body

Question 5

basic pattern of blood flow

Answer 5

1) right side of heart (deoxygenated blood)
2) lungs (gas exchange)
3) left side of heart (oxygenated blood)
4) systemic cells (gas exchange)

Question 6

where is the heart located?

Answer 6

-left of the body midline posterior to the sternum in the mediastinum
-sitting on diaphragm
-slightly rotated

Question 7

effects of the heart being slightly rotated

Answer 7

-its right side/ right border is located more anteriorly
-its left side/ left border is located more posteriorly

Question 8

parts of the heart

Answer 8

-base
-right border
-left border
-superior border
-inferior border
-apex

Question 9

what is the posterosuperior surface (flat side) of the heart called?

Answer 9

base

Question 10

what is the posterosuperior surface of the heart formed by?

Answer 10

left atrium

Question 11

what do the great vessels and superior vena cava form?

Answer 11

superior border

Question 12

what are the great vessels?

Answer 12

-aorta
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary arteries

Question 13

what is the inferior, comical end of the heart known as?

Answer 13

apex

Question 14

what is the apex of the heart formed by?

Answer 14

left ventricle (points to the left side)

Question 15

what is the inferior border formed by?

Answer 15

right ventricle

Question 16

what is the pericardium?

Answer 16

-a fibrous sac and serous lining
-where the heart is contained in

Question 17

function of the pericardium

Answer 17

-restricts the heart’s movements so that it doesn’t bounce and move about in the thoracic cavity
-prevents the heart from overfilling with blood

Question 18

what two parts is the pericardium composed of?

Answer 18

-fibrous pericardium (outer portion)
-serous pericardium (inner portion)

Question 19

tissue of the fibrous pericardium

Answer 19

-tough, dense connective tissue layer
-attached inferiorly to the diaphragm and superiorly to the base of the great vessels

Question 20

tissue of serous pericardium

Answer 20

thin, double-layered serous membrane

Question 21

what is the serous pericardium subdivided into?

Answer 21

-parietal layer: liner inner surface of fibrous pericardium
-visceral layer: covers the outside of the heart (outermost layer of the heart itself)

Question 22

what is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 22

-thin space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
-potential space with a thin lining of serous fluid

Question 23

how does the serous fluid benefit the pericardial cavity?

Answer 23

lubricates the serous membranes and decrease friction when the heart beats

Question 24

layers of the heart

Answer 24

-epicardium (outermost layer)
-myocardium
-endocardium

Question 25

what is the epicardium composed of?

Answer 25

-serous membrane -made up of areolar connective tissue

Question 26

what is another name for the visceral pericardium?

Answer 26

epicardium

Question 27

characteristics of the myocardium and what type of tissue does it have?

Answer 27

-middle layer of the heart wall -composed of cardiac muscle tissue -thickest of the three layers

Question 28

characteristics of endocardium and what type of tissue is it made of?

Answer 28

-internal surface of the heart chambers -composed of simple squamous epithelium (to keep the blood from leaking out)

Question 29

chambers of the heart

Answer 29

-atria (left & right) -ventricles (left & right) -great vessels -valves

Question 30

location and function of atria

Answer 30

-location: the left and right atria are thin-walled chambers located superiorly -function: receive blood returning to the heart through both circulations

Question 31

where does the right atrium receive blood? where does the left atrium receive blood?

Answer 31

-right atrium: receives blood from the systemic circulation -left atrium: receives blood from the pulmonary circulation

Question 32

location and function of ventricles

Answer 32

-location: the left and right ventricles are located in the inferior chambers -function: force blood into the great vessels of the heart

Question 33

what two large arteries exit the heart at its superior border?

Answer 33

-pulmonary trunk (comes from the right ventricle) -ascending aorta (comes from the left ventricle)

Question 34

what keeps the blood flowing in the correct direction (one-way flow) in the heart?

Answer 34

several valves in the heart

Question 35

parts of the atrial walls

Answer 35

-posterior wall (smooth) -anterior wall (muscular ridges) -interatrial septum

Question 36

characteristics and function of the atrial walls

Answer 36

-much thinner than the ventricles -send blood into the ventricles next door

Question 37

function of the posterior wall

Answer 37

-prime ventricles: make sure ventricles fill completely before they contract

Question 38

parts of the anterior wall

Answer 38

-pectinate muscle: muscular ridgeswhat is (found in both left and right atrium) -auricle: small flap on top of heart

Question 39

what is the interatrial septum?

Answer 39

forms a thin wall between the left and right atria

Question 40

parts of the interatrial septum

Answer 40

-fossa ovalis: oval depression that occupies former location of foramen ovale -foramen ovale: remant of fetal structure, which shunted blood from the right atrium, to the left atrium, during fetal life

Question 41

veins leading to right atrium

Answer 41

-superior vena cava -inferior vena cava -coronary sinus

Question 42

function of superior vena cava

Answer 42

drains blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk

Question 43

function of the inferior vena cava

Answer 43

drains blood from the lower limbs, abdomen, trunk, inferior thorax

Question 44

function of the coronary sinus

Answer 44

drains blood from the heart wall

Question 45

veins leading to the left atrium

Answer 45

right (2) and left (2) pulmonary veins

Question 46

ventricular walls & vessels

Answer 46

-trabeculae carneae -papillary muscles interventricular septum