Chapter 19: Special Senses Part I (Equilibrium and Hearing) SYDNEY Flashcards by nana Adusepoku

what is stimuli

changes in environment

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what is sensation

conscious awareness

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5 general senses

-temperature
-pain
-touch
-stretch
-pressure

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5 special senses

-taste
-smell
-vision
-equilibrium
-hearing

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what are receptors?

-initiate nerve impulses
-type of transducer

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definition of transducer

change one type of energy into another

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2 types of receptors

-tonic receptors
-phasic receptors

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process of tonic receptor

continuous response

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process of phasic receptor

-detect new stimulus/change
-adaptation

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definition of adaptation

acclimating to changes that persist

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what is the lateral head?

temporal bone

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parts of the ear

-external ear
-middle ear
-inner ear

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parts of the external ear

-auricle
-external acoustic meatus

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external ear is a skin-covered, primarily cartilaginous structure called _____

auricle (or pinna)

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what is the external acoustic meatus?

bony tube in ear that extends medially and slightly superiorly from the lateral surface of the head

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type of glands in external acoustic meatus

ceruminous glands

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the makeup of earwax

cerumin + dead skin

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where does the external acoustic meatus terminate?

at the tympanic membrane

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funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle ear

tympanic membrane (or eardrum)

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parts of the middle ear

-auditory ear ossicles
-auditory (eustachian) tube

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what are the auditory ossicles?

tympanic cavity of the middle ear houses the three smallest bones of the body

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features of the auditory ear ossicles

-amplify sound waves
-oval window (inner ear)
-suspended by ligaments

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what are the 3 smallest bones in middles ear ossicles?

-malleus
-incus
-stapes

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where is the malleus located?

-attached to the medial surface of the tympanic membrane

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shape of malleus

resembles a large hammer

features of incus

-shape: resembles an incus -middle auditory ossicle

features of stapes

-shape: resembles a stirrup on a saddle -footplate in oval window

what is responsible for amplifying sound waves?

the auditory ossicles

size of tympanic membrane compared to footplate of stapes

tympanic membrane 20x larger than footplate of stapes

significance of the size of the tympanic membrane

sounds transmitted across the middle ear are amplified more than 20-fold, and able to detect very faint sounds

how does the tympanic cavity maintain an open connection with the atmosphere?

auditory (eustachian) tube

what does the auditory (eustachian) tube do?

equalize pressure

2 tiny skeletal muscles of the middle ear

-stapedius -tensor tympani

which of the middle ear ossicles is the stapedius located in?

stapes

which of the middle ear ossicles is the tensor tympani located in?

malleus

what do the skeletal muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) do?

-dampen loud sounds -protect receptors in inner ear

what is otitis media?

an infection where there is fluid in the middle ear

features of otitis media

-pressure, pain -common in children -risk reduces after age 5

why is otitis media more common in children?

they have shorter/flatter auditory tubes

spaces or cavities in the inner ear

bony labryinth

membrane-lined, fluid-filled tubes and spaces within the bony labyrinth

membranous labyrinth

space between the outer walls of the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid called ___________

perilymph

composition of perilymph

extracellular fluid

membranous labyrinth contains a unique fluid called ______

endolymph

composition of endolymph

intracellular fluid

parts of the inner ear

-cochlea -vestibular complex -vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

length of inner ear

~ 1 cm across

function of cochlea

hearing

function of vestibular complex

balance

function of vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

-hearing & balance -signals to brain

3 distinct regions of the bony labyrinth

-cochlea -vestibule -semicircular canals

parts of the vestibular complex

-vestibule -semicircular canals

parts of the vestibule

-saccule -utricle -macula

function of vestibule

position of head

function of semicircular canals

rotational movements

parts of the semicircular canals

-semicircular ducts -ampulla

structure in semicircular ducts

membranous labyrinth

structure in ampulla

hair cells

sensory receptors of the inner ear for both equilibrium and hearing

hair cells

what do hair cells continuously release?

release neurotransmitters to neurons

the apical surface of each hair cell has a covering of numerous long, stiff ______

microvilli (stereocilia)

long microvillus

kinocilium

effects of stereocilia and kinocilia bending

changes in the amount and rate of neurotransmitter release from the hair cell

shape of cochlea; feature

-snail-shaped spiral chamber -hearing

what is the membranous labyrinth called?

cochlear duct

2 membranes of the cochlear duct

-vestibular membrane -basilar membrane

2 categories of hair cells on the basilar membrane

-inner hair cells -outer hair cells

these membranes partition the bony labyrinth of the cochlea into 2 smaller chambers on either side of the cochlear duct

-scala vestibuli -scala tympani

location of the oval window

scala vestibuli

location of the round window

scala tympani

protected within the membranous cochlear duct

spiral organ

features of the spiral organ

-sensory epithelium -hair cells and supporting cells -tectorial membrane

gelatinous structure of the spiral organ

tectorial membrane

how are sound waves collected?

by the auricle of the external acoustic meatus

sound transmission in the middle ear

-amplifies sound waves -stapes pushes on membranous labyrinth -foot of stapes moves like a piston in the oval window

location where perilymph in bony labyrinth vibrates

scala vestibuli

what happens in the vestibular membrane relating sound transmission?

pushes on endolymph in membranous labyrinth

what happens in the tectorial membrane relating to sound transmission?

pushes on hair cells

changes in neurotransmitters during sound transmission due to what

impulse in spiral ganglion - cochlear branch of CN VIII

what is frequency?

the number of waves that move past a point during specific amount of time

2 types of frequency

-higher frequency -lower frequency

location of higher frequency

stimulate basilar membrane closer to oval window

location of lower frequency

stimulate the spiral organ further away from the oval window

Chapter 19: Special Senses Part I (Equilibrium and Hearing) SYDNEY Flashcards

(83 cards)