Chapter 21: Blood System (lecture) Flashcards by nana Adusepoku

description of blood and what type of tissue does it have?

-fluid connective tissue
-4x more viscous than water
-warmer than body temperature

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function of blood

transport

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what is plasma?

-55% of blood volume
-fluid

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What is blood __________ bound & is made of __________ and it’s ________ than water

-membrane-bound
-45% of blood volume (hematocrit)
-blood is thicker than water

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what cells is blood made up of?

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

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name of red blood cells and percentage in blood?

-erythrocytes
-45%

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name of white blood cells

leukocytes

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what makes up platelets? And they have ________ % less than blood

-cell fragments
-with leukocytes
-less than 15% of blood

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what makes up plasma?

-water (92%) & solutes
-serum

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what is in the serum of plasma?

plasma minus clotting factors

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what are the plasma proteins?

-albumins
-fibrinogen
-globulins

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function of albumins protein

-water movement
-transport proteins

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which proteins do albumins transport?

-ions
-hormones
-lipids

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function of fibrinogen protein

-blood clot formation
-become insoluble

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function of globulins protein

-bind hydrophobic molecules
-immunoglobulins

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what are erythrocytes also known as?

red corpsucles

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characteristics of erythrocytes

-lack nuclei, organelles (not a cell)
-hemoglobin
-inner tube/deflated jelly doughnut
-2.6 to 0.75 micron thick

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function of hemoglobin

-transports oxygen, CO2
-heme group - iron

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what is the speed of diffusion due to the size of erythrocytes?

rapid diffusion

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what is the process of hemopoiesis?

-making new blood cells because they have a relatively short life span

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where does the hemopoiesis process occur?

red bone marrow

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what is the rate at which new blood cells are made?

3 million per second

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stages of hemopoiesis

-erythroblast: hemoglobin
-normoblast: nucleus ejected at the end
-reticulocyte: leaves bone marrow & few organelles
-erythrocyte: after organelles are lost

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where does blood typing occur?

plasma membrane of an erythrocyte on the surface antigens

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what is a surface antigen?

molecule that projects from the surface of a plasma membrane that contain proteins

most commonly identified group of antigens

-ABO blood group 2 surface antigens: A and B

another common surface antigen on erythrocyte membranes

Rh blood type

what is the Rh factor?

-also known as surface antigen D either positive (present) or negative (absent) -affects pregnancy -Rh antibodies made in woman's body can cross the placenta and attack fetal erythrocytes

what occurs if there are absent antigens?

antibodies for absent antigens

what is agglutination?

clumps erythrocytes with antigens

surface proteins of erythrocytes

-blood types A, B, O, +, -

ABO: blood types

-type A -type B -type AB -type O

Rh: blood types

-Rh positive -Rh negative

erythrocytes ABO blood types

-surface antigen A (type A) -surface antigen B (type B) -surface antigens A and B (type AB) -neither surface antigen A nor B (type O)

plasma ABO blood types

-anti-B antibodies (type A) -anti-A antibodies (type B) -neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies (type AB) -both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (type O)

erythrocytes Rh blood types

-surface antigen D (Rh positive) -no surface antigen (Rh negative)

plasma Rh blood type

-no anti-D antibodies (Rh positive) -no anti-D antibodies unless exposed to Rh positive blood (Rh negative)

function of leukocytes

immune response

proportion of leukocytes

less than 1% of blood

how are leukocytes true cells?

they contain a nucleus and cellular organelles

how do leukocytes differ from erythrocytes?

-1.5 to 3 times larger in diameter -do not contain hemoglobin

fives types of leukocytes are divided into two distinguishable classes known as ____ and ____ based upon the presence or absence of visible organelles; lobed nuclei

-agranulocytes -granulocytes

what are agranulocytes?

-leukocytes that have small granules in their cytoplasm -include lymphocytes and monocytes

how many leukocytes are lymphocytes?

20-40%

features of lymphocytes?

-round nucleus -limited cytoplasm -smaller than erythrocytes

3 categories of lymphocytes

-T-lymphocytes (T-cells) -B-lymphocytes (B-cells) -Natural killer cells (NK cells)

function of T-lymphocytes

-helper T-cells manage and direct an immune response; some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells -HIV targets as virus factory

what are cytotoxic T-cells

-killer cells activated by helper-T

are nautal killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-cells the same?

function of B-lymphocytes

-stimulated to become plasma cells -antigen receptors (specific) -produces immunoglobulins (antibodies) -activated by helper-T

function of plasma cells

make antibodies

function of memory cells

-faster response later -vaccines try to stimulate memory cell production

charcateristics of monocytes

-3 times the size of erythrocyte -2% to 8% of leukocytes -C-shaped nucleus -leaves for tissues -macrophages

how are macrophages produced?

after 3 days in circulation, monocytes exit blood vessels and take up residence in the tissues, where they change into large phagocytic cells (macrophages)

function and features of macrophages

-large -phagocytize bacteeria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris -present antigens to helper cells

what are granulocytes?

they contain granules in their cytoplasm that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope

3 types of granulocytes

-neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils

features of neutrophils

-most numerous leukocyte in the blood; 50-70% -lilac cytoplasm -phagocytosis -increases with bacterial infection

features of eosinophils

-1 to 4% of the total number of leukocytes -bilobed nuclei - two lobes connected by a thin strand -react to allergens -active against parasitic worms by releasing chemical mediators

features of basophils

-0.5-1% of total leukocytes -1.5 times larger than erythrocytes -anti-inflammatory/ allergic response -histamine -heparin

what causes vasodilation?

when histamine is released from these granules, it causes an increase in the diameter of blood vessels resulting in vasodilation

what does vasodilation result in?

resulting in a decrease in blood pressure along with classic allergic symptoms

what is heparin?

inhibits blood clotting

features of platelets

-irregular fragments -membrane-bound -form clots

where and what do platelets form?

-where: red bone marrow and lungs by cells called megakaryocytes -8 to 10 day life cycle -need to be replaced constantly