Integument system

Question 1

The integument

Answer 1

Our skin that covers the body

Question 2

The integument system

Answer 2

Composed of the skin,nails, hair, & glands

Question 3

_________ is the largest organ & contains epithelial, connective, smooth muscle, & nervous tissue

Answer 3

The integument (skin)

Question 4

What are the two main layers of the skin?

Answer 4

1. Epidermis - which is the uppermost layer
2. Dermis - which sits under the epidermis

Question 5

Subcutaneous layer

Answer 5

Loose connective tissue that sits directly below the integument

Question 6

What are the main functions of the skin?

Answer 6

1. Protection
2. Prevent dehydration
3. Metabolism
4. Secretion/ absorption
5. Immue protection
6. Temperature regulation
7. Senses

Question 7

Epidermis

Answer 7

The uppermost layer of the skin and is composed of epithelial tissues & has five layers

Question 8

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

Answer 8

1. Stratum Basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Question 9

Stratum Basale layer

Answer 9

Is the deepest epidermal layer & contains a single layer of cubodial or columar cells attached to a basement membrane

Question 10

What are the 3 types of cells found at the stratum basale layer?

Answer 10

1. Keratinocytes - which are most abundant & produce keratin which gives the skin its strength
2. Melanocytes - produces melanin (which gives us our skin tone & protects us from UV radiation)
3. Tactile cells - which are cells that when touched releases chemicals to stimulate nerves (ex merkel cells)

Question 11

Stratum spinosum

Answer 11

Consist of several layers of keratinocytes where they dont divide & it also contains epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans) which are immune cells that fight infections

Question 12

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 12

Consist of 3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing keratinization - which fill the cell up of keratin & slow begins to die

Question 13

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 13

Found only in thick skin (in the palms of hands & soles of feet) & contains eleidin proteins which help protect the skin from UV light

Question 14

Stratum Corneum

Answer 14

Uppermost layer of the skin (what we see in the mirror) & contain dead cells & makes our skin waterproof

Question 15

What are the 3 main types of skin variation?

Answer 15

1. Thin & thick skin
2. Skin color
3. Skin markings

Question 16

Thin skin

Answer 16

Cover the majority of the body & has only four layers (lacks the stratum lucidum)

Question 17

Thick skin

Answer 17

Covers the palms of hands, soles of feet, & has all five layers (but doesnt have hair)

Question 18

What are the 3 types of proteins that control skin coloring?

Answer 18

1. Hemoglobin
2. Melanin
3. Carotene

Question 19

Hemoglobin

Answer 19

Protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells (turns red)

Question 20

Melanin

Answer 20

Protein produced by melanocytes which produce skin color (like black, brown, etc)

Question 21

Carotene

Answer 21

Yellow-orange pigment obtained from food (like carrots)

Question 22

What are the four main types of skin markings?

Answer 22

1. Nevus (mole)
2. Freckles
3. Hemangioma
4. Friction ridges

Question 23

Nevus (mole)

Answer 23

Overgrowth of melanocytes

Question 24

Freckles

Answer 24

Result from the overactive melanocytes (not an increase)

Question 25

Hemangioma

Answer 25

Skin discoloration from blood vessel that form tumors

Question 26

Friction ridges

Answer 26

Small ridges that exist in particular regions of the skin (finerprints) & they increase friction which allows us to grab things & walk barefoot

Question 27

Dermis

Answer 27

Sits under the epidermis & contains connective tissue

Question 28

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 28

1. Papillary layer 2. Reticular layer

Question 29

Papillary layer

Answer 29

Uppermost area that touches the epidermis & contain dermal papillae which are projection into the epidermal ridges (looks like egg crates)

Question 30

Reticular layer

Answer 30

Is the deepest layer of the dermis & contains irregular coneective tissue & collagen fibers

Question 31

Lines of cleavage

Answer 31

Parallel aligned bundles of collagen & elastic fibers in the dermis (important because have to cut parallel to them to have fast healing)

Question 32

Striae ( stretch marks)

Answer 32

Forms when there is too much stress on the fibers & tears the collagen fiber

Question 33

What two types of fibers are in the lines of cleavage?

Answer 33

1. Collagen fibers - which resist stress 2. Elastic fibers- allow to stretch & recoil of the skin

Question 34

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis )

Answer 34

Lies under the dermis & is not part of the skin & contains the subcutaneous fat which contain adipose tissue

Question 35

Nails

Answer 35

Are modification of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis which provide protection to fingers & toes

Question 36

Free edge of the nail

Answer 36

Is the white free edge at the nail tip (that you bite or clip off)

Question 37

Nail Plate

Answer 37

Surface of the nail

Question 38

Nail body

Answer 38

Pinkish section of the nail & contains the lunula which is the white area in our nail

Question 39

Nail root

Answer 39

The section of the nail that is under the skin & contains the nail matrix which is where nail grows

Question 40

Nail bed

Answer 40

Underneath the nail plate & contains living epidermal cell layers

Question 41

Nail folds

Answer 41

Are skin around the nail

Question 42

Eponychium

Answer 42

Epidermis extending onto the nail body

Question 43

Hyponychium

Answer 43

The thick stratum corneum below the nail

Question 44

\_\_\_\_ is found everywhere on the body except palms, soles, lips & other areas

Answer 44

Hair

Question 45

What are the different types of hair?

Answer 45

1. Langugo 2. Vellus 3. Terminal hair

Question 46

Lanugo hair

Answer 46

Is a think colorless downy hair type that is on a third -trisemster fetus

Question 47

Vellus

Answer 47

Hair that is lightly pigmented & that replace lanugo hair at birth (found on upper/lower limbs)

Question 48

Terminal hair

Answer 48

Replaces vellus & is colored hair (ex eyebrows, eyelashes, etc)

Question 49

What are the function of the hair ?

Answer 49

1. Protection 2. Facial expression 3. Retains heat 4. Senses 5. Identifications 6. Responds to chemical signals

Question 50

What are the three zones of the hair structure?

Answer 50

1. Hair bulb 2. Hair root 3. Hair shraft

Question 51

Hair bulb

Answer 51

Is made up of epithelial cells & is the origin of hair in the dermis

Question 52

Hair papilla

Answer 52

Is made up of connective tissue & surrounds the hair bulb

Question 53

Hair Shaft

Answer 53

Is the visible part of the hair that extends out from the skin's surface (the hair we see)

Question 54

Hair Matrix

Answer 54

Is adjacent to the hair papilla & where the cell divison occurs

Question 55

Medulla

Answer 55

Is the remnant of the matrix that contains keratins

Question 56

Cortex

Answer 56

Consist of serval layers of cells that surrounds a newly developed hair

Question 57

Cuticle

Answer 57

Is a single cell layer around the cortex tht coats the hair

Question 58

Hair follicle

Answer 58

Surround the hair root

Question 59

Arrector pili

Answer 59

Are regions of smooth muscle that extends from the hair follicle & also responds to temp & emotions (ex goosebumps)

Question 60

What are the 3 phase of hair growth?

Answer 60

1. Anagen Phase 2. Catagen phase 3. Telogen phase

Question 61

Anagen Phase

Answer 61

Is an active growth phase that can last from 18 months to 7 years

Question 62

Catagen Phase

Answer 62

Is a regression period, where there is no cell division

Question 63

Telogen phase

Answer 63

Is a resting phase & the hair sheds

Question 64

Sweat glands

Answer 64

Produce Sweat, located in the reticular layer & they have sweat gland duct that transport secretions to the epidermal surface

Question 65

Sweat pore

Answer 65

Is the opening on the epidermal surface

Question 66

Merocrine sweat glands

Answer 66

Are the most abundant type of sweat glands & produce sweat to the surface of the skin through exocytosis

Question 67

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 67

Release secretion through exocytosis (send them to hair follicles not the surface of the skin) & also has an odor & become active during puberty

Question 68

Sebaceous glands

Answer 68

Are holocrine glands that produce sebum (an oily, waxy secretion)

Question 69

Ceruminous glands

Answer 69

Are modified apocrine glands in the ear canal which secrete cerumen (earwax) to protect the eardrum from forgein particles

Question 70

Mammary glands

Answer 70

Are modified apocrine sweat glands in the breast & is functional only in pregant women to produce breastfeeding milk