Chapter 10 Notes Flashcards
(26 cards)
Sex
Biological based categories of female and male
Gender
Culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity
Gender stereotypes
Widely held belief about the behavior of males and females. Also include supposed abilities, personality traits, and expected social behavior.
Socialization
- Norms of behaviors expected of people in a particular society
- learning to behave in a manner that’s appropriate
- traditionally includes effort to train children about gender roles
Gender roles
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex
Three key processes in socialization
1) operant conditioning
2) observational learning
3) self socialization
Operant conditioning person
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning
- Power of reward and punishment
- A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their conveniences (body language, facial expression, etc.)
Who uses operant conditioning?
Parents, teachers, peers, “important others”
Observational learning person
Abert bandura
Observational learning
A form of learning influenced by the observation of others behavior
Facts about observational learning
- Children imitate both females and males
- Most children imitate same sex models more than opposite sex models
- Same sex peers may be even more influential than adults
Self socialization
Children are active agents in their own gender-role socialization
Three steps of S.S.
- Children learn to classify themselves as male or female and to recognize their sex as permanent qualifies (around 5/6)
- Self socialization motivated them to value characteristics or behave associated with their sex
- Children strive to behave in with what is considered gender appropriate
Three conflictive abilities differences in males and females
- On average females ten to have slightly better verbal skills than males (speak earlier, larger vocab, stronger semantically (a grammar))
- During the high school years males show a slight advantage in math abilities
- Starting in grade school years, males tend to score higher on tasks that require visual and working memory
3 social behavior and personality differences between genders
- Studies show that males tend to be more physically aggressive than females
- Females tend to be more verbally aggressive than females…a pattern that shows up early in childhood and continues into adulthood
- There are gender differences in non-verbal communication….females are more sensitive to subtle non verbal cues (a smile or frown)
Study of gifted 7th and 8th grade students person
Benbow 1988
Benbow study 1988 study of gifted 7th and 8th graders
- top 500 math students in 7&8 grade (half male half female) took a math sub of the act
- boys out numbered girls 17:1 in froups scoring over 70”
- repeat for English (Becker, Cali, eagly, 1993)
- girls out numbered boys 15:1 in groups scoring over 700
- females tend to conform more
Girls outnumbered guys in good English tests
Becker, Cali, eagly 1993
Oliver and Hyde 1997
- females more trusting and empathetic
- males more sexually active
- makes more permissive and casual about premarital and extramarital sex
3 souces of gender role socialization
- Families
- Schools
- Media
Families role in gender role socialization
(Don’t treat them as differently as we think but)
- fathers engage more rough housing w boys
- encouraged to play w different types of toys
- household chores assigned by sex (girls inside boys outside)
What role to schools play in sources of gender role socialization people
Sadker-sadker 1990
Schools role in gender role socialization
- preschool and grade school teachers gotten reward good behavior
- teachers pay more attention to the behavior of males
- males tend to be scolded more for bad behavior than females
