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Pathology 2 - Kailey > Chapter 10 Pt 1 - Kailey > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Pt 1 - Kailey Flashcards

1
Q

What is the #1 cause of death in the U.S

A

Heart Disease

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2
Q

What is the most common mechanism of heart disease

A

contractile (pump) failure

- Heart not pumping enough blood to supply the body

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of Heart Failure

A

Decreased cardiac output

- can also be caused by an increase in tissue demands

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4
Q

What causes decreased cardiac output

A

Systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction and valvular dysfunction

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5
Q

Systolic dysfunction is when the heart will not relax which means it won’t fill enough

A

False, this is Diastolic Dysfunction

Systolic Dysfunction - is when there is weak contraction

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6
Q

Would pericardial tamponade cause diastolic or systolic dysfunction

A

Diastolic Dysfunction - it compresses the heart not allowing it to relax completely

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7
Q

______ occurs when the heart cannot generate sufficient output to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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8
Q

Forward Failure (Insufficient output) is almost never combined with Backward Failure (Venous Congestion)

A

False, almost always combined

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9
Q

What is the adaptation in which the heart tissues will stretch in response to and increase in end diastolic volumes in order to increase contraction strength

A

Frank-Starling Mechanism

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10
Q

In the Frank-Starling Mechanism when in the patient said to be in “compensated heart failure”

A

When the dilated ventricle is able to maintain cardiac output
- this increases the oxygen demand of the heart muscles which it cannot keep up for a long time and will eventually lead to failure

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11
Q

What effect does norepinephrine have on heart rate

A

Increases HR,contractility and BP

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12
Q

What effect does the Renin-Angiotesin-Aldosterone System have on the heart

A

It initiates salt and water retention which increases vascular tone

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13
Q

What effect does ANP have on circulation

A

Vasodilation

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14
Q

Overload on the heart causes Cardiac Hyperplasia

A

False, Hypertrophy

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15
Q

Concentric Hypertrophy occurs when the ventricular wall thickness increases without an increase in size of the chamber

A

True

  • Concentric is the bad kind - the walls grow in filling the ventricle
    • this is a pathologic response
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16
Q

Eccentric Hypertrophy occurs when there is proportional dilation of the heart and a decrease in capillary denisity

A

False, Proportional dilation of heart and INCREASE in capillary density

  • Cross section of ventricle remains the same
    • this is a Physiologic Response
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17
Q

What are the most common causes of left sided heart failure

A

Ischemic Heart Disease (CAD)- Not enough blood to heart
Hypertension
Valve Disorders
Primary diseases of Myocardium (amyloidosis)

18
Q

What occurs as a result of Left Sided Heart Failure

A

Decreased Cardiac Output and Pulmonary Edema

19
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Left Sided Heart Failure

A

Dyspnea (shortness of breath) upon exertion, cough, Orthopnea (Dyspnea when recumbent), rales and tachycardia

20
Q

Is right sided or left sided heart failure more common?

A

Left Sided

** Hardest working side fails first

21
Q

Which sided heart failure will cause fluid back up into the lungs

A

Left

22
Q

Right sided heart failure is usually the consequence of left sided heart failure

A

True

- left side causes fluid backup in the right side which puts stress on right side

23
Q

What is the cause of Isolated right sided heart failure

A

Pulmonary Hypertension causing COR PULMONALE

24
Q

In Isolated right sided heart failure does the problem typically originate in the lungs or in the heart

A

In the lungs/pulmonary Circulation (HTN)

25
Q

Isolated right sided heart failure causes major pulmonary congestion

A

False, Minimal pulmonary Congestion

** Left sided heart failure causes Pulmonary Congestion

26
Q

20% of birth defects are congenital heart disease, and prematurity increases risk

A

False, 30%

27
Q

Which chromosomes are effected in Genetic Congenital Heart Disease

A

Trisomies 13, 18 and 21

28
Q

in the embryological heart the right atrium communicates with the left atrium

A

True - through the Foramen Ovale

29
Q

What percentage of congenital heart diseases are idiopathic?

A

90%

30
Q

What is the most common congenital heart disease

A

Ventricular Heart Disease (42%)
- second most common @ 10% is Atrial Septal Defects
But together Septal Defects make up over half of Congenital Heart Disease Cases

31
Q

What percent os congenital heart cases are caused by tetralogy of fallot

A

5%

32
Q

What occurs in a congenital right to left shunt?

A

Blood bypasses the lungs and the baby’s appear “dusky blue” as a result of cyanosis

33
Q

A Left to right Shunt occurs when blood bypasses the lungs

A

False, Left to Right means Left is forcing blood into Right/pulmonary circulation - causes right ventricular hypertrophy and Pulmonary Hypertension

34
Q

Which type of shunt is most common, left to right or right to let

A

Left to right

* higher pressure coming from left forcing blood into right

35
Q

What are the three main structural abnormalities in congenital heart failure

A

1) Right to Left Shunt
2) Left to right Shunt
3) Obstruction of Flow

36
Q

ASD’s, VSD’s and PDA’s are examples of left to right shunts

A

True

37
Q

What is the Most common cause of Cyanosis at birth

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

38
Q

Tetralogy of fallot and transposition of the great arteries are examples of right to left or left to right shunts?

A

Right to Left

39
Q

What are the 4 defects that make up tetralogy of fallot

A

1) Ventricular Septal Defect
2) Right Ventricular Outflow Obstruction
3) Overriding Aorta
4) Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

40
Q

What condition is associated with the description of a “boot shaped heart”

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

Pathology 2 - Kailey (9 decks)

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