Chapter 11: Pediatric Pelvis

Question 1

increase in adrenal gland activity seen at the onset of puberty

Answer 1

adrenarche

Question 2

Synthetic estrogen used from 1940-1971 to aid in pregnancy maintenance that resulted in T shaped uterus in female children.

Answer 2

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Question 3

class of tumors that originate in either the egg or the sperm

Answer 3

germ cell tumors

Question 4

loss of primordial germ cells in the gonads of an embryo

Answer 4

gonadal dysgenesis

Question 5

having both male and female characteristics

Answer 5

hermaphrodite

Question 6

vascular tumor of the adrenal gland

Answer 6

pheochomocytoma

Question 7

early onset of puberty usually before 8 years of age

Answer 7

precocious puberty

Question 8

individual with external genitalia of one sec and the internal organs of another sex

Answer 8

pseudohermaphadite

Question 9

malignancy derived from striated or skeletal muscle

Answer 9

rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 10

nodule projecting from a thickened cyst wall, usually ovarian in origin

Answer 10

Rokitansky nodule, aka dermoid plug

Question 11

start of breast development at the onset of puberty

Answer 11

thelarche

Question 12

genetic syndrome characterized by an X and O chromosome combination resulting in a female with premature ovarian failure and lack of puberty

Answer 12

Turner syndrome

Question 13

Intersexual genitalia

Answer 13

ambiguous genitalia

Question 14

irregular flat spots of increased skin pigmentation

Answer 14

Cafe au lait skin pigmentation

Question 15

An ineffective method of reducing adolescent anxiety prior to and during an ultrasound examination would be:
a. singing songs and reciting nursery rhymes for younger adolescents
b. allowing a bottle or pacifier for an infant
c. providing a nurse chaperone
d. permitting parents or loved ones to stay during the examination

Answer 15

c

Question 16

When examining the pelvis of an infant or small child with ultrasound, which transducer is recommended?

Answer 16

Phased array or curved linear array in the range of 4 to 10 MHz

Question 17

Motion reduction on still images while imaging children can be attained by:

Answer 17

decreasing persistence

Question 18

Bladder filling for infants can usually be accomplished by feeding a bottle:

Answer 18

30 minutes prior to the sonographic examination

Question 19

A newborn female uterus is typically ____ shaped, whereas a 3 month old uterus is usually ____ shaped.

Answer 19

spade, tube

Question 20

The best method to visualize an adolescent vagina is by:

Answer 20

TAS (transabdominal sonography)

Question 21

Ovarian volume of a female under 5 years old is:

Answer 21

1 cm ^3 or less

Question 22

Ovarian cysts measuring over 9 mm in the first year of life are known as:

Answer 22

macrocysts

Question 23

The most common lower urinary tract tumor discovered in the pediatric community is:

Answer 23

rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 24

In the pediatric population, benign lesions of the lower urinary tract such as leiomyoma, fibroma, and hemangioma:
a. occur in older adolescents more often than infants and young children
b. occur in children associated with fetal alcohol syndrome
c. are very uncommon
d. may transition into cancer if untreated

Answer 24

b

Question 25

The most common site of tumors in the pediatric female genital tract is the:

Answer 25

vagina

Question 26

An infection that can potentially affect the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes and can cause tubo-ovarian abscess, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, and/or pelvic peritonitis:

Answer 26

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Question 27

Rhabdomysosarcoma is the tumor found most commonly in the lower urinary tract of the pediatric population. This tumor usually originates from the:

Answer 27

cervix/vagina

Question 28

Precocious puberty is:

Answer 28

the onset of puberty usually before 8 years of age

Question 29

Large ovarian cysts are common in fetuses of mothers with:

Answer 29

toxemia

Question 30

Select Turner syndrome characteristics: a. stocky arms and legs, wide neck, genital underdevelopment b. polydactyly, abnormal genitalia, omphalocele c. Deficient ovaries, dwarfism, amenorrhea, webbed neck d. Choroid plexus cyst, polyhydramnios, esophagus atresia

Answer 30

c

Question 31

Ambiguous genitalia in neonates warrants sonography to exclude anomalies associated with: a. gonads, adrenal glands, kidneys b. internal and external genitalia, spleen, kidney c. breast lumps, internal genitalia d. gonads, liver, pancreas, spleen

Answer 31

a

Question 32

The most common ultrasound appearance of a rhabdomyosarcoma is described as:

Answer 32

homogenous with a muscle-like appearance

Question 33

Gartner duct cysts: a. are located within the uterine myometrium and complex in appearance b. are located within the vaginal wall, have a simple and cystic appearance, and are both single or multiple in number c. are located within the cervix are hypoechoic solid structures d. are located within the vagina and are heterogeneous

Answer 33

b

Question 34

Hematrocolpos is:

Answer 34

blood in both the uterus and vagina

Question 35

The method of ultrasound imaging that is close to the vagina and does not require the introduction of a transducer into the vagina is called ______.

Answer 35

transperineal imaging

Question 36

High-resolution, real-time, and _______ are important imaging techniques for the lower abdominal and pelvic structures of infants, children, and adolescents.

Answer 36

3D ultrasound

Question 37

In adolescent pelvic sonography, ______ may be required if bladder filling cannot be achieved by p.o (by mouth) fluid intake.

Answer 37

catheterization

Question 38

Adult and pediatric ultrasound examinations are similar in scanning ______ and exam ______.

Answer 38

planes protocol

Question 39

Transperineal ultrasound imaging delineates ______ pathology and imperforate ____.

Answer 39

vaginal anus

Question 40

The prepubertal uterues measures ____ cm long.

Answer 40

2.5-3

Question 41

Ovarian cysts in birth to 2 year olds usually relate to a higher level of _______ in the neonate.

Answer 41

maternal hormones

Question 42

When a tumor, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, originates from the bladder or prostate, pediatric patients have symptoms of ______ and ______.

Answer 42

hematuria urinary tract obstruction

Question 43

In the pediatric pelvis, pheochromocytoma is usually detected in the submucosal layer of the _____ wall of the bladder near the _____ or in the _____ of the bladder.

Answer 43

posterior trigone dome

Question 44

Ovarian tumors present with a variety of symptoms including ______, _______, and _______.

Answer 44

pelvic pain swelling inflammation

Question 45

The most common tumor during the reproductive years is a _______.

Answer 45

benign cystic teratoma

Question 46

Meig syndrome is the triad of _____, ______, and _____.

Answer 46

ascites pleural effusion fibroma

Question 47

Dysgerminoma is the most common malignant pediatric _____ mass.

Answer 47

ovarian

Question 48

Serous tumor usually demonstrates ____ septa, solid elements, and are _____.

Answer 48

thick multilocular

Question 49

Ovarian cysts may cause ovarian _____ if they become large.

Answer 49

torsion

Question 50

Gonadal dysgenesis patients may have _____ gonads.

Answer 50

"streak"

Question 51

Fluid in the vagina is _____ and blood in the vagina is ______.

Answer 51

hydrocolpos hematocolpos

Question 52

Fluid in both the uterus and vagina is ______.

Answer 52

hydrometrocolpos

Question 53

The sonographic appearance of hydrocolpos is a cystic, _____-shaped mass in the midline arising from the pelvis between the bladder and ____.

Answer 53

pear rectum

Question 54

Clinical symptoms of ovarian torsion are _____, _____, ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 54

lower abdominal pain fever lack of appetite nausea vomiting