Chapter 11: The Muscular System

Question 1

Attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone

Answer 1

Origin

Question 2

Attchament of the muscles other tendon to the moveable bone

Answer 2

Insertion

Question 3

THe fleshy portion of muscle between the tendons

Answer 3

Belly

Question 4

The main movements that occur when the muscle contracts

Answer 4

Actions

Question 5

Some muscles are capable of doing actions in reverse, so the origin and insertion switch, this is called (RMA)

Answer 5

Reverse Muscle Action

Question 6

A rigid structure that can move around a fixed point; represented by the bone

Answer 6

A lever

Question 7

A fixed point; represented by the joint

Answer 7

The fulcrum

Question 8

Two different forces affecting the a level

Answer 8

Effort and load

Question 9

This force causes movement; usually force of muscle contraction

Answer 9

Effort

Question 10

This force resist or opposes movement; often the weight of the body part being moved or something the body part is trying to overcome

Answer 10

load

Question 11

When effort applied to the bone at the insertion siteexceeds the load, this occurs

Answer 11

Motion

Question 12

Distance between fulcrum and load and where effort is applied determines?

Answer 12

Mechanical advantage or disadvantage

Question 13

Mechanical advatnage

Answer 13

load closer to fulcrum

Question 14

Mechanical disadvantage

Answer 14

load further from fulcrum

Question 15

3 categories of levers based on positions of fulcrum, effort and load

Answer 15

1. First Class Levers
2. Second Class levers
3. Third class levers

Question 16

This class of levers sees the fulcrum in between the effort and the load (teeter totter; scissors)

If effort is closer to fulcrum then load - a heavy load is hard to move

If load is closer to fulcrum than effort, heavy load can be moved but slow and not far

Answer 16

First class levers

Question 17

In this category of lever, the load is between the fulcrum and the effort

Eg wheelbarrow

Always mechanical advantage because load is always closer to fulcrum

Answer 17

second class levers

Question 18

These levers are most common in body

The effort is between the load and the fulcrum

Always mechanical disadvantage

Answer 18

Third class levels

Question 19

5 patterns of fascicle arrangements with tendons

Answer 19

1. Parallel
2. Fusiform (spindle shaped, narrow toward the ends and wide in the middle)
3. circular
4. triangular
5. pennate (feather shaped)

Question 20

Fascicular arrangement often represents a compromise between:

Answer 20

power and rang of motion

Question 21

This muscle contracts to cause an action in an opposing pair

Answer 21

Prime mover

Question 22

This muscle stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover in an opposing pair

Answer 22

Antagonist

Question 23

These smaller muscles prevent unwanted movement at intermediate joints (joints between the effort muscle and the fulcrum joint for that action) or otherwise aid the movement of prime mover

Answer 23

synergists

Question 24

Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently

Answer 24

fixators

Question 25

A group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves, all of which have a common function

Answer 25

Compartment

Question 26

This muscle extends from occiptal bone to frontal bone, contains a frontal belly and an occipital belly which both affect the scalp movements

Answer 26

Occipitofrontalis

Question 27

This occipitofrontalis belly draws the scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of the forehead horizontally

Answer 27

frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

Question 28

This occipitofrontalis belly draws the scalp posteriorly

Answer 28

Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle

Question 29

This muscle is circular, closes and protrudes the lips as in kissing, compresses lips against teeth, and shapes lips during speech

Answer 29

Orbicularis Oris

Question 30

This cheek muscle draws angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally as in smiling

Answer 30

Zygomaticus Major

Question 31

This facial muscle is found in the cheek region and presses cheeks against teeth and lips (whistling), blowing and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication (chewing) by keeping food between the teeth and not between the teeth and cheeks

Answer 31

Buccinator Muscle

Question 32

This muscle closes the eye

Answer 32

Oribularis Occuli

Question 33

These muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint; four muscles

Answer 33

Muscles of mastication

Question 34

The thress powerful muscles that close the jaw

Answer 34

Masseter Temporalis medial pterygoid

Question 35

The masseter muscle origin

Answer 35

The zygomatic arch and maxilla

Question 36

Insertion points of the masseter muscle

Answer 36

angle and ramus of mandible

Question 37

Action of masseter muscle

Answer 37

Elevates the mandible

Question 38

Origin of temporalis muscle

Answer 38

temporal bone

Question 39

Insertion of temporalis muscle

Answer 39

Coronoid process and ramus of mandible

Question 40

Action of temporalis muscle in mastication

Answer 40

elevates and retracts the mandible

Question 41

Neck muscle

Answer 41

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 42

Sternocleidomastoid muscle origin

Answer 42

Sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle

Question 43

Sternocleidomastoid muscle insertion

Answer 43

Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone

Question 44

This abdominal muscle origins at pubic creast and inserts at cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

Answer 44

Rectus Abdominis

Question 45

he muscle that runs up and down on the anterior abdomen and origin is at pubic crest and pubic symphysis and insertion at the cartilage of the 5-7 ribs and the xiphoid process; aids in forward bending

Answer 45

Rectus Abdominis

Question 46

Abdominal muscle closer to surface; compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column, laterally flexes vertebral column expecially lumbar portion and rotate vertebral column

Answer 46

External Obliques

Question 47

This oblique muscle is farther in from the surface. Acts to compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; singly laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column

Answer 47

Internal obliqueT

Question 48

This abdominal muscle inserts at the xiphoid process, linea alba and pubis; compresses abdomen

Answer 48

Transversus Abdominis

Question 49

The aponeurosis of which abdoninal muscles meet in the middle of the abdomen to form the linea alba?

Answer 49

Internal, external obliqu, and transversus abdominis muscle aponeuroses

Question 50

This muscle of the thorax assists with breathing and is the roof of the abdominal cavity and floor of thoracic cavity. It has many origins: 12th rib, lower 6 ribs and their cartialedge, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebra and thier discs

Answer 50

Diaghragm

Question 51

What happens to the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm relaxes? contracts?

Answer 51

When it relaxes, the diaphragm moves up, forcing exhalation due to decreased volume capacity of the thoracic cavity When it contracts, the diaphragm pulls downward, which increases the capacity of the thoracic cavity which forces inhalation as air rushes in to fill the increased space.

Question 52

What is the aponeurosis on the diaghragm that all fibres run to from their points or origin?

Answer 52

The central tendon

Question 53

Where does the central tendon attach?

Answer 53

Inferior pericardium and the pleurae of lungs

Question 54

Where are intercostals found?

Answer 54

The spaces between ribs

Question 55

2 types of intercostal muscles?

Answer 55

Internal and external intercostal muscles

Question 56

These intercostal muscles are the most superficial and fibres run in an oblique direction interiorly and anteriorly from the rib above to the rib below. They elevate the ribs during inhalation to help expand the thoracic cavity

Answer 56

11 pairs of external intercostal muscles

Question 57

These muscles run oblique but peripendicular to the external intercostal muscles and are used for forced inhalation by contracting to pull adjacent ribs closer together

Answer 57

internal intercostal muscles

Question 58

What anterior thoracic muscle abducts the scapula and rotates it downward; and RMA: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed

Answer 58

Pectoralis Minor

Question 59

These anterior thoracic muscles originate at ribs 1-9 and insert at the vertebral border and inferior angle of the scapula These muscles abdult and rotate scapula upwards RMA: Elevate ribs when scapula is stabilized "boxers musclse" but it is imporatant in horizontal arm movements

Answer 59

Serratus Anterior

Question 60

This posterior thoracic muscle originates at the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae and the spines of C7-T12 and inserts at the scapular spine, acromion and clavicle

Answer 60

Trapezius

Question 61

Action of superior fibres of trapezius

Answer 61

Upward rotate scapula; RMA: Help extend the head

Question 62

Action of middle fibers of Trapezius

Answer 62

Adduct scapula

Question 63

Action of inferior trapezius fibers

Answer 63

depress and upward rotate scapula

Question 64

This posterior thoracic muscle originates at the the transverse processes of c1-c4, inserts at superior vertebral border of scapule, and its action is to elvate the scapula and rotate it downward

Answer 64

Levator Scapulae

Question 65

This posterior thoracic muscle elevates and adducts the scapula and rotates it downward; also stabilizes scapula

Answer 65

Rhomboid Major

Question 66

Two axial muscles that move the humerus

Answer 66

The pectoralis major and latissmus dorsi

Question 67

6 Scapular muscles that move the humerus

Answer 67

1. Deltoid 2. Subscapularis 3. Supraspinatus 4. Infraspinatus 5. Teres Major 6. Teres minor

Question 68

This scapular muscle extends shoulder and aids in lateral rotation of the shoulder joint

Answer 68

Teres Minor

Question 69

This scapular muscle also extends arm at should joint but also assists in adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder joint

Answer 69

Teres Major

Question 70

THis scapular muscle originates at the acromial extremity of the clavicle, acromion of the scapula and spine of scapula and all fibres insert at the deltoid tuberosity of the the humerus

Answer 70

The deltoid

Question 71

The lateral fibres of this scapular muscle abduct the arm at the shoulder joint; anterior fibres flex and medially rotate the arm at the shoulder joint; and posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate the arm at the shoulder joint

Answer 71

Deltoid

Question 72

This scapular muscle medially rotates the arm at the shoulder joint

Answer 72

subscapularis