Chapter 9: Joints

Question 1

An articulation or arthosis

Answer 1

A joint; a point of contact between two bones; between bones and cartilage or between bone and teeth

Question 2

This classification of joints is based on
1) the presence or absence of a space between the articulating joints called a synovial cavity and
2) the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together

Answer 2

Structural Classification of joints

Question 3

Three structural classifications of joints:

Answer 3

1. fibrous joints
2. cartilaginous joints
3. synovial joints

Question 4

In this structural classification of joints, there is no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibrers

Answer 4

Fibrous joints

Question 5

This structural classification of joints there is no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage

Answer 5

Cartilaginous joints

Question 6

In this structural classification of joints, the bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments

Answer 6

Synovial joint

Question 7

Functional classifications of joints

Answer 7

1. syntharthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis

Question 8

A syntharthosis joint

Answer 8

Immovable

Question 9

An ampiarthrosis joint

Answer 9

a slightly movable joint

Question 10

A diarthrosis joint

Answer 10

a freely moveable joint

Question 11

What funcational classification of a joint is ALWAYS also a synovial joint?

Answer 11

a diarthrosis joint

Question 12

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Answer 12

Synarthosis

1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses
3. Interosseus joints

Question 13

Sutures

Answer 13

Amphiarthrosis in infancy, synathrosis later on

Question 14

Name for a suture that later becomes a bone in adulthood

Answer 14

Synostosis

Question 15

A joint where there is more cartilage between the bones than a suture joint; usually cartilage is arranged as a bundle (ligament)

Answer 15

syndesmosis

Question 16

Interosseous joint (fibrous joint)

Answer 16

between two bone s- tibia an dfibula and ulna and radius

Question 17

Three types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 17

1. synchondoses
2. sympheses
3. epiphyseal cartilages

Question 18

This type of cartilaginous joint is one in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage and is slightly movable to immovable (eg rib to manubrium)

Answer 18

Synchondrosish

Question 19

This cartilaginous joint is a one in which the ends of articulating bones are covered with a hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones

Answer 19

Sympheses

_between manubrium and body; between symphisis pubis halves; interveertbral joints between bodies of vertebrae

Question 20

The epiphyseal cartilages are hyaline cartilage growth centres and not movable joints. It eventually hardeds to form what kind of bony joint?

Answer 20

syntostosis

Question 21

Synovial joints have what unique, distinguishing feature?

Answer 21

synovial cavity

Question 22

What functional class are all synovial joints?

Answer 22

Diarthroses

Question 23

What is the hyaline cartilage called that is covering the bones at a synovial joint?

Answer 23

Articular cartilage

Question 24

What are the functions of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?

Answer 24

Reduce friction between bones and help absorb shock

Question 25

What is the sleeve like capsule that surrounds a synovial joint?

Answer 25

Articular caspule or joint capsule

Question 26

What are the two layers of the articular capsule called?

Answer 26

1. Synovial membrane 2. fibrous membrane

Question 27

The outer layer of an articular capsule usually consists of dense irregular connective tissue (motstly collagen fibres) that attach tot he periosteum of the articulating bones and is called:

Answer 27

fibrous membrane

Question 28

The inner layer of an articular capsule?

Answer 28

The synovial membrane

Question 29

This membrane i s a thickened continuation of periosteom

Answer 29

Fibrous membrane

Question 30

These fiber bundles are parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue and are highly adapted to resist strains

Answer 30

Ligaments

Question 31

What structure is a principle mechanical factor that holds bones together at the synovial joint?

Answer 31

ligaments

Question 32

What is the synovial membrane composed of?

Answer 32

areolar connective tissue with elastic fibres

Question 33

What are the accumulations of adipose tisue found in synovial membranes at joints?

Answer 33

articular fat pads

Question 34

This is a viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid secreted by synovial membrane cells

Answer 34

synovial fluids

Question 35

What does the synovial fluids consist of?

Answer 35

hyaluronic acid from synovial cells and interstitial fluid from blood plasma

Question 36

Functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 36

= reduce friction - absorb shock - supply o2 and nutrients and remove CO2 and waste from chondrocytes in articular cartilage

Question 37

What immune system does synovial fluid contain?

Answer 37

phagocytic cells

Question 38

What are extracasular and intracapsular ligaments called?

Answer 38

accessory ligaments

Question 39

Intracapsular ligaments

Answer 39

inside caspule by excluded from synovial cavity by folds in synovial membrane eg. PCL and ACL

Question 40

Extracapsular ligaments

Answer 40

outside the capsule eg., tibia and fibula ligaments of the knee

Question 41

What are articular discs or menisci?

Answer 41

Cresecent shaped pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bone and are attached to the fibrous caspule subdivide the synovial cavity into two spaces, allowing seperate movements in each space eg. lateral and medial menisci

Question 42

Functions of the menisci?

Answer 42

-shock absorption -a better fit between articulating surfaces -,adaptable surfaces for combined movements -weight distributions - distribution of synovial fluid actoss the articular surfaces of the joint

Question 43

A fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket; [prominent in the ball and socket joints of shoulder and hip Helps deepernt he socket and increase area of contact between ball and socket

Answer 43

labrum

Question 44

What do the nerves that supply the joint also suply?

Answer 44

The muscles that move that joint

Question 45

Where are nerve endings distribute din the joint?

Answer 45

in the articular capsule and associated ligaments

Question 46

What do the joint nerves send info about?

Answer 46

- pain - degree of movement and stretch at a joint

Question 47

Tube like bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass thorugh tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone

Answer 47

tendon or synovial sheaths

Question 48

Inner layer of the tendon or synnovial sheath?

Answer 48

Visceral layer, attached to surface of the tendon

Question 49

Outer layer of the tendon or synovial sheath?

Answer 49

Pariental layer; attached to bone

Question 50

What is found between the visceral and parietal layers of the tendon sheeth>

Answer 50

A cavity containing a film of synovial fluid

Question 51

What does a tendon sheath do?

Answer 51

Protects all sides of a tendon with back and forth movement

Question 52

What is a saclike structure that is strategically situatied to allieviate friction in some kjoints?

Answer 52

bursae

Question 53

Bursae walls consist of?

Answer 53

An oiuter fibrous membrane of thin, dense connective tissue lined by a synovial membrane. Filled with a small amount fluid

Question 54

WHat are bursae located between?

Answer 54

skin and bone, tendons and bones, muscles and bones or ligaments and bones

Question 55

Four main categories of movements at synovial joints

Answer 55

1. gliding 2. angular movements 3. Rotation 4. Speciial

Question 56

The movement of relatively flat bone surfaces back and forth and side to side over one another; little change in angle between bones

Answer 56

Gliding movement

Question 57

An increase or decrease in angle between bones

Answer 57

Angular movement

Question 58

Types of angular movements:

Answer 58

flexion lateral flexion extension hyperextension abduction adduction circumduction

Question 59

Movement of bone around longitudinal axis; in limbs may be meidal (toward midline) or lateral (away from midline)

Answer 59

Rotation

Question 60

Movements that occur at specific joints

Answer 60

Special movements

Question 61

This is the superior movement of a body part

Answer 61

elevation

Question 62

This is the inferior movement of a body part

Answer 62

depression

Question 63

this is the anterior movement of a body part in transverse plane

Answer 63

protraction

Question 64

this is the posterior movemennt of a body part in transverse plane

Answer 64

retraction

Question 65

The medial movement of sole

Answer 65

inversion

Question 66

the lateral movement of sole

Answer 66

eversion

Question 67

bending foot in the direction of dorsum (superior surface) (ankle joint)

Answer 67

dorsiflection

Question 68

Bending the foot in the direction of the plantar surface (sole)

Answer 68

planter flexion

Question 69

Movement of forearm that turns palm anteriorly

Answer 69

supination

Question 70

movement of forearm that turns palms posteriorly

Answer 70

pronation

Question 71

Movement of thumb across palm to touch fingertips on same hand

Answer 71

opposition

Question 72

Angular decrease in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane

Answer 72

flexion

Question 73

increase in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane

Answer 73

extension

Question 74

movement of trunk in frontal plane

Answer 74

lateral flexion

Question 75

extension beyond anatomical position

Answer 75

hyperextension

Question 76

movement of bone away from midline, usually in frontal plane

Answer 76

abduction

Question 77

movement of bone towards midlines, usually in frontal plane

Answer 77

adduction

Question 78

flexion, abduction, extension, adduction and rotation in succession; distal end of body part moves in circles

Answer 78

circumduction

Question 79

6 categories of synovial joints

Answer 79

1. plane joints 2. hinge joints 3. pivot joints 4. condyloid joints 5. saddle joints 6. ball and socket joints

Question 80

This type of synovial joint is flat or slightly curved, permits back and forth movement between surfaces of flat bone, may also rotate against each other Biaxial if back and forrth movement triaxial if rotational movement also permitted

Answer 80

Plane joint

Question 81

This joint is uniaxial and one bone is typically fixed while the other bone moces around it

Answer 81

hinge joint

Question 82

Uniaxial joint that allows rotation only and involves the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulated iwth a ring formed partly by another bone

Answer 82

Pivot joints eg. atlanto-axial joint

Question 83

This biaxial joint sees the convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fit into the oval-shaped depression of another bone; it allows biaxial movement (flex/extens & abd/adduct & limited circumduction)

Answer 83

Condyloid joints eg. wrist and metacar

Question 84

This joint sees the articular surface of one bone being saddle shaper and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle Biaxial

Answer 84

Saddle joint

Question 85

This triaxial joint consists of a ball like surface of one bone fitting into the cuplike depression of the other bone

Answer 85

ball and socket joint