Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton

Question 1

What are the three components of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

Bones, muscles, and joints

Question 2

How many bones does the adult skeleton contain?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

Why do infants/children have more bones?

Answer 3

They have some that fuse together later in life

Question 4

The two principle divisions of the adult skeleton?

Answer 4

The axial skeleton - skulls bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, bone of vertebral column

The appedicular skeleton- upper and lower limbs and bones that form girdles

Question 5

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

Answer 5

80

Question 6

How many bones in the appedicular skeleton?

Answer 6

126

Question 7

5 main shapes of bones?

Answer 7

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

Question 8

The bones have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of epiphyses; are slightly curved for strength

Answer 8

Long Bones

Question 9

These bones are somehwat cube-shaped, nearly equal in length and width; consist of spongy bone covered in a thin layer of compact bone tissue

Answer 9

Short bones

eg. wrist and ankle bones

Question 10

These bones are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue eclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue

Provide considerable protection and much surface area for for muscle attachment

Answer 10

Flat bones

eg cranial bones, sternum and ribs, scapulae

Question 11

These bones have complex shapes and c annot be grouped into other categories; composition is variable;

Answer 11

Irregular bones

eg vertebrae, hip bones, certain facialbones, calcaneus

Question 12

These bones develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension and physicial stress like palms and soles

Vary in number person to person

Not always ossified

Uusually only a few mm in diameter (except patellas)

Answer 12

Sesamoid Bones

eg. knee caps

Question 13

These bones are small bones located in the joints between certain cranial bones

Answer 13

Sutural bones

Question 14

Describe how raised surface markings are formed on bone

Answer 14

develop in response to certain forces like tension on a bone surface from tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia - this tension causes ne bone to be deposited resulting in raised or roughened areas

Question 15

How are bone surface depressions formed?

Answer 15

From compression on a bone surface

Question 16

What are the two major types of surface markings

Answer 16

1. depressions and openings
2. Processes

Question 17

Describe depressions/openings surface markings:

Answer 17

These allow the passage of soft tissues (eg blood vessels) or form joints

Question 18

Describe processes (surface markings)

Answer 18

Projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue ( ligaents and tendons eg)

Question 19

List five depressions/openings categories

Answer 19

1. Fissure
2. Foramen
3. Fossa
4. Sulcus
5. Meatus

Question 20

This depression/opening is a narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass

Answer 20

Fissure

eg. superior orbital fissue of sphenoid bone

Question 21

This depression/opening is an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

Answer 21

Foramen

eg. optic foramen of sphenoid bone

Question 22

This depression/opening is a shallow depression

Answer 22

Fossa

eg. coronoid fossa of humerus

Question 23

This depression/opening is a furrow along bone surface that accomodates blood vessel, nerve or tendon

Answer 23

Sulcus

eg. intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Question 24

This depression/opening is a tubelike opening

Answer 24

Meatus

eg. external auditory meatus of temporal bone

Question 25

List of processes that form joints:

Answer 25

1. condyle 2. facet 3. head

Question 26

This process that forms a joint is a large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at the end of the bone

Answer 26

Condyle eg. lateral condyle of femur

Question 27

This process that forms a joint is smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

Answer 27

Facet eg superior articular facet of vertebra

Question 28

This joint process is usually rounded, articular projection supported on a constricted portion (neck) of bone

Answer 28

Head eg.head of femur

Question 29

List the processes that form attachement points for connective tissues:

Answer 29

1. Crest 2. Epicondyle 3. Line 4. Spinous Process 5. Trochanter 6. Tubercle 7. Tuberosity

Question 30

This attachment point process is a prominent ridge or elongated projection

Answer 30

Crest eg. iliac crest of hip bone

Question 31

This attachment point process is typically a roughened projection above a condyle

Answer 31

epicondyle eg. medial epicondyle of femur

Question 32

This attachment point process is a long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than crest)

Answer 32

Line eg. linea aspera of femur

Question 33

This attachment point process is a sharp, slender projection

Answer 33

Spinous process eg. spinous process of vertebrae

Question 34

This attachment point process is a very large projection

Answer 34

trochanter eg. greater trochanter of femur

Question 35

This attachment point process is a variably sized rounded projection

Answer 35

tubercle eg. greater tubercle of humerus

Question 36

This attachment point process is a variably sized projection that has a rough, bumpy surface

Answer 36

tuberasity eg. ischial tuberosity of hip bone

Question 37

This is the bony framework of the head, contains 22 bones, and rests on the superior end of the vertebral column

Answer 37

Skull

Question 38

The two categories of skull bones:

Answer 38

Cranial Bones Facial Bones

Question 39

These skull bones form the cranial cavity and is made up of 8 bones

Answer 39

The cranial bones

Question 40

These are the 8 cranial bones of the skull:

Answer 40

1. Frontal Bone 2. Two parietal Bones 3. Two temporal bones 4. the occipital bones 5. the sphenoid bone 6. Ethmoid bone

Question 41

These skull bones form the face and consist of 14 bones

Answer 41

Facial Bones

Question 42

These are the 14 bones of the face

Answer 42

1. two nasal bones 2. two maxillae 3. two zygomatic bones 4. the madible 5. two lacrimal bones 6. two palatine bones 7. two inferior nasal conchae 8. the vomer

Question 43

Paranasal SInuses

Answer 43

caviities contained in the skull bone that are lined with mucous membranes and open into the nasal cavity

Question 44

Middle ear cavities

Answer 44

Cavities in the temporal bones taht house the structures for hearing and equilibrium

Question 45

What are the only movable bones of the skull?

Answer 45

ossicles and mandible

Question 46

Function of the cranial bones

Answer 46

- protect brain - stabilize the positions of the brain, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves through attachment of the inner surfaces to meninges Outer surface has large surface area for attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head as well as muscles that produce facial expressions framework of face and provides support for entrance to digestive and respiratory systems

Question 47

This bone forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits, and most of the anterior part of the cranial floor

Answer 47

Frontal bone

Question 48

This is the flat part of the frontal bone that forms the forehead

Answer 48

frontal squama

Question 49

This is th extruding upper ridge of the eye socket

Answer 49

Supraorbital Margin

Question 50

This is a depression located near midline of the supraorbital margin_____________________; may be called this if incomplete_________________

Answer 50

supraorbital foramen supraorbital notch

Question 51

These two skulls cranial bones form the greater portion of the sides and rood of the cranial caviety

Answer 51

Parietal bones

Question 52

These paired cranial bones form the inferior lateral aspects of the carnium and part of the cranial floor

Answer 52

Temporal Bones

Question 53

The thin flat part of the temporal bone that forms the anterior and superior part of teh temple

Answer 53

temporal squama

Question 54

This process projects from the inferior portion of the temporal squama and articulates with the temporal process zygomatic (cheek) bone

Answer 54

Zygomatic process

Question 55

What two processes form the zygomatic arch?

Answer 55

the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Question 56

The depression/socket located on the back, lower part of the zygomatic arch

Answer 56

mandibular fossa

Question 57

The temperomandibular joint is made of the articulation of which surface markings combined with the mandible?

Answer 57

The mandibular fossa and articular tubercle

Question 58

Back, lower portion of temporal bone, located behind/below the ear canal - and is filled with tiny air cells

Answer 58

mastoid portion of the temporal bone

Question 59

Rounded projection of the temporal bone located behind the ear; attachment point for several neck muscles

Answer 59

mastoid process

Question 60

The opening through which facial (VII) nerve and vestibulocochlear (VII) nerve pass

Answer 60

internal auditory meatus

Question 61

triangular part of temporal bone, located at the floor of the cranial cavity between teh sphenoid and occipital bones, houses the internal ear and the carotid formamen

Answer 61

Petrous Portion of temporal bone

Question 62

The cranial bone forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium

Answer 62

Occipital bone

Question 63

The foramen or hole in the base of the occipital bone that the medulla oblongata connects with the spinal cord within

Answer 63

Foramen Magnum

Question 64

Convex depressions on either side of the formamen magnum of the occipital bone that articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertabra to form the atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 64

Occipital condyles

Question 65

External occipital protuberance

Question 66

Middle part of the base of the skull, between all the other cranial bones; posterior and slightly superior to the nasal cavity and forms part of the floor, side walls and rear wall of the orbit; resembles a butterly with outstretched wings

Answer 66

sphenoid bone

Question 67

This part of the sphenoid bone is the hollowed cubelike medial portion between the ethmoid and occipital bones

Answer 67

the body

Question 68

term for the space inside the sphenoid bone body; this drains into the nasal cavity

Answer 68

sphenoidal sinus

Question 69

Name the three parts of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Answer 69

Horn saddle/anterior portion - tuberculum sallae The seat saddle - Hypophyseal fossa Posterior part/back of saddle - dorsum sellae (ridge)

Question 70

This part of the sphenoid sella turcica is the saddle portion and houses the pituitary gland

Answer 70

hypopheseal fossa

Question 71

what part of the sphenoid project laterally from the body and form the anterolateral floor of the cranium? These also form part of the alteral wall of the skull just anterior to the temporal bone and can be viewed externally

Answer 71

the greater wings

Question 72

These parts of the sphenoid bone are smaller than the greater wings and form a ridge of the floor of the cranium and the posterior part of the orbit of the eye

Answer 72

lesser wings

Question 73

This is a delicate cranial bone that is located in the anterior part of the cranial floor, medial to the orbit and is spongelike appearance

Answer 73

Ethmoid bone

Question 74

What are the four areas the ethmoid bone is part of

Answer 74

1. part of anterior portion of the cranial floor 2. the medial wall of the orbits 3. the superior portion of the nasal septum 4. most of the superior sidewalls of the nasal cavity

Question 75

This part of the ethmoid bone lies in the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity ; contains olfactory formaen

Answer 75

cribriform plate

Question 76

what are the 14 facial bones?

Answer 76

two nasal bones two maxillas two zygomatic bones the mandible two lacrimal bones two palatine bones two inferior nasal conchae the vomer

Question 77

Paired bone that are rougly the size and shape of a finger nail, smallest bones of the face, posterior and lateral to the nasal bones and form a part of the medial wall of each orbit Contain the lacrimal fossa

Answer 77

Lacrimal bones

Question 78

What is the lacrimal fossa?

Answer 78

a vertical tunnel formed with the maxilla that houses the lacrimal sac, where tears gather and pass into the nasal cavity

Question 79

What are the two L-shaped bones that form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity and a small portion of the floors of the orbits?

Answer 79

The palentine bones

Question 80

Describe the inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)

Answer 80

- inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone - scroll like - form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal cavity - help swirl and warm and filter air

Question 81

Which of the three turbinates contains the olfactory sensory receptors>

Answer 81

only the superior conchae which is part of the ethmoid bone

Question 82

This facial bone is roughly triangular shaped and is found on the floor of the nasal cavity that articulates superiorly with the perpendicular plate of the ethomoid bone and sphenoid bone and inferiorly with the macillae and palatine bones along the midline Forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum

Answer 82

The vomer

Question 83

The upper jaw bone is made of these two bones paired They articulate with every bone of the face expect the mandible They form part of the floors of the orbits, part of the lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity, and most of the hard palate

Answer 83

The maxillae

Question 84

What is the hard palate?

Answer 84

The bony roof of the mouth

Question 85

What bones forms the hard palate?

Answer 85

The horizontal plates of the palatine bones and the palatine processes of the maxillae

Question 86

Cheek bones

Answer 86

zygomatic bones

Question 87

What do zygomatic bones form?

Answer 87

the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit. Articulates with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid and temporal bones

Question 88

What makes the zygomatic arch?

Answer 88

The temporal process and ot he zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Question 89

What is the largest, strongest facial bone?

Answer 89

The Mandible

Question 90

Describe the anatomy of the mandible

Answer 90

the body - a curved, horizontal portion Rami - two perpendicular portions

Question 91

What is the angle of the mandible?

Answer 91

the area where each rami meets the body of the mandible

Question 92

What part of the ramus artibulates with the mandibular fossa and articular tubule of the temporal bone?

Answer 92

condylar processes

Question 93

What three structures form the temporomandible joint?

Answer 93

Articulate tubercle of the temporal bone mandibular fossa condylar process of the mandible

Question 94

What are the three structures that create the nasal septum?

Answer 94

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone; the vomer and the septal cartilage

Question 95

Three cranial bones that help form the orbit?

Answer 95

The ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal bones

Question 96

Four facial bones that help form the orbits?

Answer 96

The zygomatic, palatine, maxillae, and lacrimal bones

Question 97

What are openings of the skull for blood vessels, nerces or ligaments?

Answer 97

foramen or foramina (plural)

Question 98

Suture in adult

Answer 98

an immovable joint in that holds most skull bones together

Question 99

Sutures in infant and children

Answer 99

movable and function as important growth centres in the developing skull

Question 100

Usually sutures are named after what?

Answer 100

the bones they articulate eg. sphenoparietal suture frontozygomatic suture

Question 101

Where is the coronal suture?

Answer 101

unites the frontal bone with both partietal bones

Question 102

Where is the saggital suture?

Answer 102

unites the two parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull

Question 103

Where is the lambdoid suture?

Answer 103

unites the two parietal bones to the occipital bone

Question 104

which sutures might have sutural bones

Answer 104

the saggital and lambdoid suturesw

Question 105

What suture unites the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspects of the skull

Answer 105

squamous sutures

Question 106

Two periods of facial enlargment where sinuses increase in size

Answer 106

during the eruption of teeth puberty onset

Question 107

What function do the paranasal sinuses play in the weight of the skull

Answer 107

allow the skull to increase in size without changing in mass or weight

Question 108

Which 4 skull bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Answer 108

Maxilla Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid

Question 109

What bone does not articulate with other bones, is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone, supports the tongue etc

Answer 109

hyoid bone

Question 110

Anatomy of the hyoid bone

Answer 110

two lesser horns, two greatert horns, body