Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

genome

A

a cells DNA, its genetic information

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2
Q

chromosomes

A

packages of DNA molecules

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3
Q

chromatin

A

entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

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4
Q

somatic cells

A

all body cells except the reproductive cells

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5
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells

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6
Q

sister chromatids

A

joined copies of the original chromosome

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7
Q

centromere

A

a region made up of repetitive sequences in the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

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8
Q

mitosis

A

division of genetic material in the nucleus

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9
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

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10
Q

cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from the time it is first formed during the division of a parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells

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11
Q

mitotic phase

A

includes both mitosis and cytokinesis; shortest part of cell cycle

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12
Q

G1 phase

A

first gap

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13
Q

G2 phase

A

second phase

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14
Q

S phase

A

synthesis

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15
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condensed

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16
Q

metaphase

A

centromeres go to opposite poles

17
Q

anaphase

A

separates ta the centromere

18
Q

telophase

A

two daughter nuclei form

19
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm is split and two cells are formed

20
Q

mitotic spindle

A

structure consists of fibers made out of microtubules and associated proteins; forms in cytoplasm during prophase

21
Q

centrosome

A

subcellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cells microtubules

22
Q

metaphase plate

A

imaginary plate midway between spindle’s two poles

23
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

24
Q

binary fission

A

division in half; asexual reproduction of single-celled eukaryotes

25
Q

origin of replication

A

specific place on the chromosome where the process of cell division is initiated and the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate

26
Q

cell control system

A

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

27
Q

checkpoint

A

control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

28
Q

cyclin

A

a protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell

29
Q

growth factor

A

protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

30
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

31
Q

benign tumor

A

tumors that do not cause serious problems

32
Q

malignant tumor

A

includes cells whose genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair the functions of one of more organs

33
Q

metastasis

A

the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site