Chapter 5

Question 1

what are macromolecules?

Answer 1

large carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids

Question 2

what is a polymer?

Answer 2

a long molecule consisting of many similar of identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 3

what is a monomer?

Answer 3

repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Question 4

what are enzymes

Answer 4

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Question 5

what is a dehydration reaction?

Answer 5

a water molecule is lost to synthesize a polymer

Question 6

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 6

a water molecule is added to break down a polymer

Question 7

what are monosaccharides?

Answer 7

single sugar

Question 8

what is a disaccharide

Answer 8

two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 9

what is a glycosidic linkage

Answer 9

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 10

what is a polysaccharide

Answer 10

macromolecules; polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 11

what is starch

Answer 11

a polymer of glucose monomers

Question 12

what is glycogen

Answer 12

a polymer of glucose

Question 13

what is cellulose

Answer 13

polysaccharide; major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Question 14

what are lipids

Answer 14

one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers (not big enough to be macromolecules); hydrophobic

Question 15

what is chitin

Answer 15

carbohydrate used by arthropods to build exoskeletons

Question 16

what is a fat

Answer 16

consists of a glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids

Question 17

what is a fatty acid

Answer 17

long carbon skeleton; carbon at end is part of carboxyl group. rest of the skeleton consists of a hydrocarbon chain

Question 18

what is a saturated fatty acids

Answer 18

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, there are as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon skeleton; saturated with hydrogen

Question 19

what is a unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 19

has one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon

Question 20

what are trans fats

Answer 20

fats created in the process of hydrogenation

Question 21

what is a phospholipid

Answer 21

two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than 3

Question 22

what are steroids

Answer 22

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 23

what are catalysts

Answer 23

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Question 24

what is a polypeptide

Answer 24

a polymer of amino acids

Question 25

what is protein

Answer 25

biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides

Question 26

what is a peptide bond

Answer 26

resulting covalent bond after removing a water molecule to bond two amino acids

Question 27

what is a tertiary structure

Answer 27

overall shape of a polypeptide

Question 28

what are disulfide bridges

Answer 28

covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein

Question 29

what is a quaternary structure

Answer 29

overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

Question 30

what is sickle-cell disease

Answer 30

an inherited blood disorder thats caused by the sub-sitution of one amino acid for the normal one.

Question 31

what is denaturation

Answer 31

protein unravelling and losing its native shape

Question 32

what is x-ray crystallography

Answer 32

method used to determine the 3D structure of a protein

Question 33

what is pyrimidine

Answer 33

has one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms C, T, and U

Question 34

what are purines

Answer 34

larger than pyrimidines; six membered ring fused to a five membered ring A and G

Question 35

what are bioinformatics

Answer 35

the use of computer software and other computational tools that can handle and analyze these large data sets

Question 36

what are genomics

Answer 36

analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species

Question 37

what are proteomics

Answer 37

analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequences