Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

gene expression

A

process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

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2
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of rna using information in the dna

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3
Q

messenger rna (mrna)

A

rna molecules that carry genetic messages from the dna to the protein synthesizing machinery of the cell

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4
Q

translation

A

synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

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5
Q

ribosomes

A

molecular complexes that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

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6
Q

triplet code

A

the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNa as a series of nonoverlapping three nucleotide words

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7
Q

coding strand

A

nontemplate dna strand

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8
Q

rna polymerase

A

pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together rna nucleotides complementary to the dna template strand

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9
Q

promoter

A

the dna sequence where rna polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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10
Q

terminator

A

the sequence that signals the end of transcription

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11
Q

transcription unit

A

the stretch of dna downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an rna molecule

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12
Q

start point

A

the nucleotide where rna polymerase actually begins synthesizing the mrna and typically extends several dozen or so nucleotide pairs upstream from the start point

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13
Q

transcription factors

A

collection of proteins

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14
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter

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15
Q

TATA box

A

crucial promoter DNA sequence

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16
Q

RNA processing

A

both ends of the primary transcript are altered

17
Q

5’ cap

A

a modified form of G nucleotide

18
Q

RNA splicing

A

large portions of the RNA primary transcript molecules are removed and the remaining portions are reconnected

19
Q

introns

A

noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions

20
Q

exons

A

regions other than introns; called exons because they are eventually expressed

21
Q

spliceosome

A

large complex made of proteins and small rnas that binds to several short nucleotide sequences along an intron including key sequences at each end

22
Q

ribozymes

A

rna molecules that can function as enzymes

23
Q

domains

A

discrete structural and functional regions

24
Q

transfer RNA

A

translator

25
Q

wobble

A

flexible base pairing at this codon position

26
Q

nucleotide pair substitution

A

the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

27
Q

silent mutation

A

no observable effect on phenotype

28
Q

missense mutations

A

little effect on protein

29
Q

insertions

A

additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene

30
Q

deletions

A

losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

31
Q

frameshift mutation

A

occurs whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three

32
Q

mutagens

A

interact with DNA in ways that cause mutations

33
Q

gene editing

A

altering genes in a specific predictable way