Chapter 6

Question 1

light microscope

Answer 1

visible light is passed through the specimen and then through the glass lenses. the lenses refract (bend) the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into a camera.

Question 2

organelles

Answer 2

membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

Question 3

electron microscope

Answer 3

focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

Question 4

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Answer 4

used to study the surface of the speciment

Question 5

transmission electrons microscope

Answer 5

used to study internal structure of cells

Question 6

cell fractionation

Answer 6

technique to study cell structure and function; takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another

Question 7

cytosol

Answer 7

semifluid, jellylike substance called

Question 8

nucleoid

Answer 8

DNA is concentrated here; not membrane enclosed

Question 9

chromosomes

Answer 9

discrete units DNA is organized into

Question 10

chromatin

Answer 10

complex of dna and proteins making up chromosomes

Question 11

nuclear envelope

Answer 11

encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm

Question 12

nuclear lamina

Answer 12

netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

Question 13

ribosomes

Answer 13

complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins

Question 14

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

Question 15

smooth er

Answer 15

surface lacks ribosomes

Question 16

rough er

Answer 16

studded with ribosomes

Question 17

glycoproteins

Answer 17

proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

Question 18

transport vesicles

Answer 18

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Question 19

golgi apparatus

Answer 19

packaging center

Question 20

lysosome

Answer 20

digestive enzyme

Question 21

phagocytosis

Answer 21

cell engulfing/eating the other

Question 22

vacuole

Answer 22

large vesicles derived from the ER and golgi apparatus

Question 23

endosymbiont theory

Answer 23

early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, and the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell in which it was enclosed, becoming an endosymbiont

Question 24

thylakoids

Answer 24

interconnected sacs inside the chloroplast

Question 25

grannum

Answer 25

stacks in the thylakoid

Question 26

stroma

Answer 26

fluid outside the thylakoid

Question 27

peroxisome

Answer 27

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

Question 28

cytoskeleton

Answer 28

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Question 29

microtubules

Answer 29

hollow rods constructued from globular proteins called tubulins

Question 30

centrosome

Answer 30

a region that is often located near the nucleus

Question 31

cilia

Answer 31

cellular extensions that contain microtubules

Question 32

flagella

Answer 32

cellular extensions that contain microtubules

Question 33

microfilaments

Answer 33

thin solid rods built of actin

Question 34

actin

Answer 34

a globular protein

Question 35

dyneins

Answer 35

large motor proteins that are attached along each outer microtubule

Question 36

cell wall

Answer 36

extracellular structure of plant cells