Chapter 12

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

Socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

Question 2

Ethnicity

Answer 2

Shared cultural heritage

Question 3

Minority

Answer 3

Any category do people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates

Question 4

From a biological standpoint, the researchers have learned, if we assume we are dealing with people of the same social position, knowing a young persons racial category allows us to predict

Answer 4

Almost nothing about the person

Question 5

Race is to ____ as ethnicity is to ____

Answer 5

Biological traits; cultural traits

Question 6

Science tells us that there is more genetic variation within each racial category than there is between racial categories. Knowing this fact, why do people in societies around the world create and pay attention to racial differences

Answer 6

Placing people into categories allows societies to create hierarchies in which some people have greater access to things of value than other people

Question 7

____ is one of the factors on which membership in an ethnic category is based

Answer 7

Religion

Question 8

Researchers involved in the human genome project have concluded that human beings around the world share ___ percent of their DNA

Answer 8

99.9

Question 9

Prejudice

Answer 9

Rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people who share

Question 10

Racism

Answer 10

The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another

Question 11

Scapegoat

Answer 11

A person or category of people typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles

Question 12

One example of unfair prejudice is to say that people ______

Answer 12

Who have blonde hair are less intelligent

Question 13

Stereotyping is especially harmful to people in minority categories of the population when it occurs

Answer 13

In the workplace

Question 14

According to ____ theory, some prejudice is found in everyone within a society’s population

Answer 14

Culture

Question 15

According to research conducted by sociologist Thomas Sowell, most of the racial differences in IQ scores result not from ____ but rather from ____

Answer 15

Biology; a cultural environment

Question 16

One technique that allows researchers to measure the strength of prejudice is the ____ scale

Answer 16

Social distance

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

Unequal treatment of various categories of people

Question 18

Prejudice is attitudes discrimination is action

Question 19

Institutional prejudice and discrimination

Answer 19

Bias built into the operation of society’s institutions

Question 20

If you were to apply the logic of the Thomas theorem you would view prejudice and discrimination as

Answer 20

A vicious circle or a self fulfilling prophecy

Question 21

Which of the following statements is an example of institutional prejudice and discrimination

Answer 21

Automobile dealerships charge a higher rate of loan interest to black car buyers than they do to equally qualified white car buyers

Question 22

Prejudice involves attitudes; discrimination involves

Answer 22

Actions

Question 23

__ offered the following statement to explain how prejudice and discrimination reinforce each other “situations that are defined as real become real in their consequences”

Answer 23

W. I. Thomas and Dorthy Thomas

Question 24

Which decision by the US Supreme Court declared as illegal institutionalized discrimination involving segregated schools in the United States

Answer 24

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Question 26

Pluralism

Answer 26

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

Question 27

Assimilation

Answer 27

The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

Question 28

Miscegenation

Answer 28

Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories

Question 29

Segregation

Answer 29

Physical and social separation of categories of people

Question 30

Genocide

Answer 30

The systematic killing of one category of people by another

Question 31

Researchers found that ___ is the daily experience of about one fourth of all black people in large us cities

Answer 31

Hypersegregation

Question 32

From 1948 until 1992 South Africa followed a legal policy of separation for various racial categories. While South Africans a numerical minority of the population held the power and controlled both the government and the economy. Black South Africans were allowed to live only in certain areas and had limited access to education, health care, housing, and legal aid. Which of the following patterns of intercrop relations does this part of South Africa’s history illustrate

Answer 32

Segregation

Question 33

Between the time Europeans first arrived in the americas in the late fifteenth century and the year 1900, the population of native Americans declined from millions to just 250,000. Which of the following patterns of intergroup relations best describes this fact

Answer 33

Genocide

Question 34

The _ pattern of relations among various categories of the population involves people making changes in ethnicity but not race

Answer 34

Assimilation

Question 35

New Yorks city’s little Italy is an example do pluralism just as _____ is an example of genocide

Answer 35

The nazi holocaust

Question 36

Most of the immigrants entering the us today come from

Answer 36

Asian and Latin America

Question 37

What led to the outbreak of hostility against Chinese people in the late 1800s, primarily in California that was known as the so called yellow peril

Answer 37

Chinese immigrants came to the United States taking jobs which incited fear and anger among white people

Question 38

In 1871, the us declared native Americans to be wards of the federal government and implemented a strategy of forced ___ a policy that had the official goal of turning native peoples into Americans

Answer 38

Assimilation

Question 39

The historical dominance of ____ in us culture is evidenced by the widespread use of the terms race and ethnicity to describe everyone but the members of that category

Answer 39

White Anglo-Saxon protestants

Question 40

Which do the following categories have the highest medium income, the lowest poverty rate, and the highest adult college completion rate among all categories of Hispanic Americans

Answer 40

Cuban Americans

Question 41

In general terms, conservatives see differences in the average social standing of people in various racial and ethnic categories or the population as primarily the result of which of the following factors

Answer 41

Differences in language, values, religion, family structure, and other factors

Question 42

In general terms, progressives see differences in the average social standing of people in various racial and ethnic categories of the population as primarily the result silt of which of the following factors

Answer 42

Privileges and barriers that are built into the operation of society

Question 43

What is the basic thesis advanced by Robin D’Angelo in her book, white fragility

Answer 43

Us society is fundamentally racist, with major institutions controlled by white people

Question 44

Which of the following statements about race and ethnicity is correct

Answer 44

The us census bureau provides people with the opportunity to identify themselves using many racial and ethnic category s or combination of categories

Question 45

Sociologist claim that race is

Answer 45

A socially constructed concept

Question 46

What distinguishes a minority category of a society’s population from a majority

Answer 46

A minority has a distinct identity based on the physical or cultural traits and experiences subordination or disadvantage

Question 47

Which of the following examples best illustrates the precise meaning of the concept of prejudice

Answer 47

A black woman claims that all white people are untrustworthy and hostile to black people

Question 48

Which theory claims that prejudice arises as we often blame disadvantaged categories of people for our own troubles because disadvantaged people are safe targets

Answer 48

Scapegoat theory

Question 49

Osagie Obasogie conducted research about prejudice using as subjects people who are blind. Obasogie reached what conclusion

Answer 49

Blind people hold much the same attitudes about race as sighted people

Question 50

A pattern in which banks reject home mortgage applications from black and Hispanic home buyers at a higher rate than those from white applicants is an example of

Answer 50

Institutional discrimination

Question 51

The Thomas theorem leads us to view prejudice and discrimination as

Answer 51

A vicious circle or a self fulfilling prophesy

Question 52

The concept of ethnicity refers to which of the following

Answer 52

A cultural heritage

Question 53

Which of the following statements correctly describes the link between political affiliation and attitudes towards racial and ethnic inequality

Answer 53

Conservatives see such inequality as resulting from cultural differences including values and family structure; progressives see such inequality as resulting from prejudice and discrimination embedded in the larger society

Question 54

Which do the following statements correctly answers the question: is the United States a pluralistic society

Answer 54

Yes and no- people in all racial and ethnic categories of the population are officially equal under the law, but they do not have equal opportunities or social standing

Question 55

Which statement correctly defines robin d’angelos concept of white fragility

Answer 55

White fragility refers to the tendency of white (and especially progressive people to feel defensive and angry at the thought that they benefit from a racist system that they oppose and seek to change

Question 56

Which of the following statements about racial and ethnic patterns of voting in the 2020 presidential election is correct

Answer 56

If only urban black people had voted, Joe Biden would have won the election in a an historic landslide

Question 57

Why did the dred scott case decided by the us Supreme Court in 1857 come to exemplify the American dilemma

Answer 57

The ruling denied an entire category of people- enslaved black people- basic rights and freedoms given to us citizens

Question 58

What is the basic thesis advanced by robin d’Angelo in her book, white fragility

Answer 58

Us society is fundamentally racist, with major institutions controlled by white people

Question 59

Assimilation refers to the process by which

Answer 59

minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture.

Question 60

What Gunnar Myrdal called the "American dilemma" was ________

Answer 60

the denial of basic rights to African Americans by a so-called "democratic society."

Question 61

Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by ________

Answer 61

frustration among disadvantaged people.

Question 62

Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?

Answer 62

Ethnicity

Question 63

Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?

Answer 63

Minority

Question 64

Which of the following concepts refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people?

Answer 64

Segregation

Question 65

Assimilation refers to everyone shedding all their traditions and "melting" into a new population with a new way of life.

Answer 65

False

Question 66

Prejudice and discrimination can be either positive or negative.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Over past decades, an increasing number of people in the United States have wished to define themselves as multiracial.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Culture theory states that prejudice remains widespread despite the fact that our culture defines any and all prejudice as wrong.

Answer 68

False

Question 69

The largest Hispanic minority, in terms of population, is Cuban Americans.

Answer 69

False

Question 70

The U.S. Supreme Court outlawed slavery in the Dred Scott case of 1857.

Answer 70

False