Chapter 9 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Caste system
A
Social stratification based on ascription or birth
2
Q
Apartheid
A
South African separation of the races
3
Q
Endogamous
A
India caste causes people to marry within the same caste
4
Q
Class system
A
Social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
5
Q
Meritocracy
A
Social stratification based on personal merit
6
Q
Merit
A
Earned
7
Q
Status consistency
A
The degree of uniformity in a persons social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
8
Q
Law of primogeniture
A
Required that all property pass to the oldest son or other male relation
9
Q
Structural social mobility
A
A shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
10
Q
Ideology
A
Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements including patterns of inequality
11
Q
The Davis Moore thesis
A
Social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation or society
12
Q
Capitalists
A
People who own and operate factories and. Other businesses in pursuit of profits
13
Q
Proletarians
A
People who sell their labor for wages
14
Q
Alienation
A
The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
15
Q
Why not overthrow capitalism
A
Fragmentation of the capitalist class, more worker organizations, and greater legal protections, a higher standard of living
16
Q
Max Weber’s 3 distinct dimensions of inequality relating to social stratification
A
Class position, status, power
17
Q
Socioeconomic status
A
A composite Ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
18
Q
Conspicuous consumption
A
Buying and using products because of the statement they make about social position
19
Q
Income
A
Earnings from work or investments
20
Q
Wealth
A
The total value of money and other assets minus outstanding debts
21
Q
In the United States, a person moving from one job to a comparable job is engaged in what sociologists call _______
mobility.
A
Horizontal
22
Q
Taking a sociological survey of inequality around the world
A
social stratification is found everywhere, but exactly what is unequal and the degree of inequality differ from society to society
23
Q
Which of the following statements about social stratification is correct?
A
All human societies have been socially stratified although to varying degrees and in variable ways.
24
Q
Which of the following would most likely be characteristic of a society with a more open system of social stratification that allows for greater social movement over time?
A
greater emphasis on meritocracy
25
In what important way does the "caste" part of Britain's social structure remain evident in that country's life today?
The King, who is the head of state, is a traditional monarch, a position passed through one family.
26
According to Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, what benefits come from social stratification?
Linking rewards to the functional importance of positions promotes a society's productivity and efficiency.
27
How would the Davis-Moore thesis explain the fact that physicians enjoy higher social prestige and earn considerably more money than bus drivers?
The occupation of physician receives greater rewards than that of bus driver because it has greater functional importance and requires more ability and investment in education and training.
Providing physicians with greater rewards draws talent to that position and motivates neonle to nerform well.
28
Karl Marx believed that a
_______ system would replace ________
and provide for the needs of all people rather
than concentrating resources in the hands of an elite few.
socialist; capitalism
29
According to Karl Marx, what are the two basic relationships that people have to the means of production?
They either own productive property or perform labor for others.
30
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the symbolic-interaction approach to understanding social stratification?
Social position is a matter of social status or prestige, which, in our society, often reflects the quantity and quality of products that we consume.
31
According to Karl Marx, what are the two basic relationships that people have to the means of production?
They either own productive property or perform labor for others.
32
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the symbolic-interaction approach to understanding social stratification?
Social position is a matter of social status or prestige, which, in our society, often reflects the quantity and quality of products that we consume.
33
Based on an understanding of the Kuznets curve, we can conclude that _
agrarian societies typically display the greatest intensity of social inequality
34
At which level of technological development do societies display the least amount of social stratification?
hunting-and-gathering societies
35
Among the high-income nations presented below,
_____generally stands out as having greater income
inequality.
The United States
36
The Kuznets curve shown in the chapter indicates that, in a postindustrial society, the level of social inequality _____
typically increases
37
Which of the following is the most important reason that Canada has less income inequality than the nations of Colombia, Chile, and Zambia?
Canada is an industrialized high-income nation, which typically have less severe social stratification than lower-income countries.
38
What makes defining classes in U.S. society so difficult?
U.S. society has a relatively low level of
• status consistency so the boundaries between class levels are not very clear.
39
How do sociologists define the concept of wealth?
the value of income and all other assets, minus the value of all outstanding debts
40
In general, how is political affiliation linked to social class position?
About two-thirds of people making less than $15,000 a year are registered
Democrats; the same is true of just one-third of people making more than $200,000 a year.
41
The richest 20 percent of U.S. families receive ____ of all income earned in the United States.
nearly one-half
42
The poorest 20 percent of families in the United States make up the lower class. According to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, what percentage of all U.S. income is earned by the 20 percent of families with the lowest income?
just under 4 percent
43
Intragenerational social mobility
is a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime
44
Intergenerational social mobility,
upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents,
45
Horizontal intergenerational social mobility
Different job as part but same class level
46
A change in social position that occurs during a persons lifetime is known as
Intragenerational social mobility
47
Manufacturing jobs lost in the United States since 1960 have largely been replaced by ___ jobs
Service
48
Which of the following is especially likely to result in downward social mobility for women
Divorcing
49
With regard to wealth, the richest 20 percent of the US population has about ____ percent of all wealth and the poorest 20% of the population has _____ percent
90; 0
50
A guy who was born to working class parents just graduated from med school. He has experienced ____ mobility
Upward
51
52
Relative poverty
Lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
53
Absolute poverty
Lack of resources that is life threatening
54
Feminization of poverty
The trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
55
All systems of social inequality create ____ the lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
Relative poverty
56
Of all people experiencing homelessness in the US about half live in which state
California
57
Two thirds of all poor people in the US are
White
58
In 2020, what was the extent of poverty in the US
37.2 million people which is 11.2 percent of the population
59
Over the past several decades, what has been the trend with regard to the level of economic inequality in the US
It has increased dramatically
60
Which of the following statements correctly describes how conservatives typically account for differences in social class position
People differ in any number of ways including intelligence, talents, and other personal traits, as well as cultural traditions. All such factors inevitably lead to unequal outcomes
61
In general liberals support an economy based on
A limited market that is subject to government regulation
62
From a far left position people support an economy based on
Complete control by the government
63
Social stratification, a system in which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy is
Supported by widely held values and beliefs about what is fair
64
Which type of stratification system is typically found in agrarian societies
A caste system
65
About what share of all wealth is owned by the richest 20% of all US families
90%
66
75,000 a year. Retirement paying off mortgage
Average middle class
67
A system of social inequality by which people are ranked entirely according to their personal abilities and performance would be an
Meritocracy
68
Research suggests that social mobility is relatively greater for people born at what levels of the class system
Generally in the middle levels
69
What key argument did Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore present to support their claim that social inequality has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
Some form of social stratification has been found in every known society
70
According to Karl Marx, the defining trait of the category of people he called the bourgeoisie is
Ownership of productive property
71
Which of the following statements challenges Karl Marx claims that workers will inevitably overthrow a capitalist economic system
No advanced capitalist society has ever experienced a class revolution by the workers
72
Describes how conservatives typically account for differences in social class position
People differ in any number of ways, including intelligence, talents, and other personal traits as well as cultural traditions. All such factors inevitably lead to unequal outcomes
73
Most accurately reflects the symbolic interaction approach to social stratification
Social position is a matter of meanings which in our society largely reflects the quantity and quality of products that we consume
74
In the US more than half of all young people bare tween ages of 18 and 25 are
Living in the home of their parents
75
Some people inherit great wealth. Others create businesses that generate great wealth what share or the richest 400 families in the US fall into each of these categories
About 1/3 inherited great wealth; about 2/3 created businesses that provided them with great wealth
76
In which type of social stratification does social standing reflect both birth and individual achievement
Class system
77
Correctly describes the link between Covid and social class standing
The pandemic brought to public attention long-standing disparities in health between classes in the us
78
79
The concept of "intergenerational social mobility" refers to change in social position
when comparing children to their parents.
80
If you have a job that involves manual labor, you are doing ________
blue-collar work.
81
The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the "super-rich") controls about _____ of the nation's privately held wealth.
37 percent
82
One reason Marx's predicted socialist revolution never took place in industrial-capitalist societies is that ________
iving standards for the majority have gone up.
83
The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in ________
a lower-class culture of poverty.
84
Which of the following types of societies comes closest to being egalitarian?
Hunting and gathering
85
In 2013, median family income in the United States was about $64,000.
True
86
The richest 20 percent of U.S. families earns about 49 percent of all income, while the bottom 20 percent earns slightly less than 4 percent.
True
87
People who marry and stay married accumulate only half as much wealth as people who remain single.
False
88
The concept of social mobility refers to changes in people's positions in the social hierarchy.
True
89
Recent survey research indicates that less than half of U.S. adults say they believe their family can achieve the American dream.
True
90
Class systems assign social position based on both birth and individual achievement.
True
91
In most poor families in the United States, no family member has a full-time job.
True
92
Great Britain has eliminated all aspects of its historic aristocracy.
False
93
Max Weber said social stratification involved three distinct dimensions: economic class, social prestige, and political power.
True
