Chapter 8 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
Does society require Devience or conformity
A
Both
3
Q
The recognized violation of cultural norms
A
Devience
4
Q
Category of deviance
A
Crime
5
Q
A
6
Q
Deviance can also be applied to being too good even with some respect- an element of difference - you think someone’s crossed a boundary “outsider”, doesn’t have to include a choice or action
A
7
Q
A
8
Q
Attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior
A
Social control
9
Q
The governmental organizations- police, courts, and prisons- that respond to alleged violation of the law
A
Criminal justice system
10
Q
an Italian physician who worked in prisons, theorized that criminals stand out physically, with low foreheads, prominent jaws and cheekbones, lots of body hair, and unusually long arms. In other words, Lombroso claimed that criminals look like our apelike ancestors.
A
Cesare Lombroso
11
Q
suggesting that general body structure might predict criminality
A
William Sheldon
12
Q
confirmed Sheldon’s conclusion but cautioned that a powerful build does not necessarily cause or predict criminality.
A
Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck
13
Q
The best guess at present is that
A
biological traits in combination with environmental factors explain some serious crime.
14
Q
the biggest problem with a purely biological approach to
understanding crime
A
is that most of the actions we define as deviant are carried out by people who are biologically quite normal.
15
Q
illustrates the psychological approach. (Teachers)
A
Reckless and Dinitz
16
Q
Because all the boys lived in an area where delinquency was widespread, the investigators attributed staying out of trouble to a personality that controlled deviant impulses.
A
Containment theory
17
Q
Social foundations of Devience
A
Devience varies according to different cultural norms, people become deviant as others define them that way, how societies set norms and how they define rule breaking both involve social power
18
Q
Taken together, the various efforts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior are called
A
Social control
19
Q
The concept _______
refers to the recognized violation of cultural norms
A
Devience
20
Q
Thoughts and actions become deviant
A
only in relation to the norms of a particular
setting, group, or society
21
Q
Which of the following statements explains a limitation of the biological approach to deviance?
A
Most deviant behaviors, including crimes, are carried out by biologically normal people.
22
Q
The research concluding that “good boys” display a strong conscience, can handle frustration, and identify with cultural norms and values is known as _______ theory.
A
Containment
23
Q
Devience is a necessary part of social organization was claimed by who
A
Emilie Durkheim
24
Q
A
25
Devience performs 4 essential functions
Affirms cultural values and norms, responding to devience clarifies moral boundaries, responding to devience brings people together, and encourages social change
26
society creates a certain number of deviant individuals to mark its changing moral boundaries.
Kai Eriksons study of puritans
27
Innovation
unconventional means (street crime) rather than conventional means (hard work at a straight job) to achieve a culturally approved goal (wealth).
28
Ritualsm
many people may not care much about becoming rich but rigidly stick to the rules (the conventional means) anyway so that they at least feel respectable as rule-followers.
29
Retreatism
rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means so that, in effect, a person drops out. Some alcoholics, drug addicts, and street people can be described as retreatists.
The deviance of retreatists lies not only in their unconventional lifestyle but also in wh appears to others as their willingness to live this way.
30
Rebellion
reject both the cultural definition of success and the conventional means of achieving it, but they go one step further by forming a counterculture supporting alternatives to the existing social order.
31
A successful stand-up comic who is working hard to advance her career
Conformity
32
An alienated young man who has dropped out of school and spends time alone drinking alcohol
Retreatism
33
A low-level clerk in a bank who has never missed a day of work nor ever asked for a raise
Ritualism
34
A clever young man who is making lots of money as a computer "hacker"
Innovation
35
A person critical of existing society, who holds to a new vision of the world and is trying to convince others to leave the familiar and join in this new way of life
Rebellion
36
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin (1966) proposed that
crime results not simply from limited legitimate (legal) opportunity but also from readily accessible illegitimate (illegal) opportunity. In short, deviance or conformity arises from the relative opportunity structure that frames a person's life.
37
criminal subcultures,
criminal organization
38
conflict subcultures,
such as armed street gangs composed of people full of frustration who engage in violence to vent their anger and perhaps gain some respect.
39
retreatist subcultures
in which deviants drop out and abuse alcohol or other drugs.
40
Delinquent subcultures are characterized by
Trouble, toughness, smartness, a need for excitement, a belief in fate, a desire for freedom
41
Emile Durkheim's basic insight was that.
there is nothing abnormal about deviance because all societies create deviance, which has positive functions for the operation of society
42
Echoing Emile Durkheim, what did Kai Erikson claim based on his study of the Massachusetts Bay Puritans?
Deviance is a necessary resource for the operation of society.
43
Which U.S. sociologist developed what is called "strain theory" of deviance?
Robert Merton
44
The key insight of the _____
theoretical approach is
that deviance is a necessary part of social organization.
structural-functional
45
In terms of strain theory, ______
is an example of the a social pattern called retreatism.
person who voluntarily lives on the street
46
The symbolic interaction approach explains how people define
Devience in everyday society
47
Labeling theory
The idea that devience and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
48
Primary devience
Passing episodes of rule breaking
49
Secondary devience
When a measure of defensiveness, attack, or adjustment to defend themselves against social judgement
50
Stigma
A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a persons self concept and social identity
51
Is a stigma a master status?
Yes
52
Degradation ceremony
One stands and many judge
53
Retrospective labeling
When a Devient past decision gets applied to other scenarios
54
Projective labeling
Using a devient behavior to predict future behavior
55
Difference is not
DEVIENCE
56
medicalization of deviance,
the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition.
57
Whether we define deviance as a moral or a medical issue makes a big difference
it affects who responds to deviance, how people respond to deviance, and personal competence of the deviant person.
58
Sutherland's theory of differential association
a person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior
59
control theory
states that social control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behavior
60
4 different types of social control
Attachment, opportunity, involvement, belief
61
Labeling theory links devience to
The reaction of others
62
Labeling is more applicable to
Mild devience
63
From the symbolic-interaction point of view, definitions of deviance and conformity are
highly variable
64
According to Travis Hirschi's control theory, which of the following individuals is the most likely to engage in deviance?
Blake, an angry boy with few friends who has lived with his older sister since his parents divorced
65
A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity is called _
Stigma
66
Which of the following situations illustrates the process of retrospective labeling?
After a serial killer is caught, neighbors describe him as an odd loner who kept to himself and always seemed to be "slightly creepy."
67
Social conflict approach links
Devience to social inequality
68
Look at table in photos
69
Social conflict theory 3 explanations
All norms reflect the interests of the rich and powerful, the powerful have the resources to resist defiant labels, and widespread belief that society’s norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character
70
White collar crime
Crime committed by purple of high social position in the course of their occupations
71
Civil law
Regulates business dealings between private parties
72
Criminal law
The individuals morals responsibilities to society
73
Corporate crime
The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
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Organized crime
Business supplying illegal goods or services
75
A hate crime
A criminal act against a person or a persons property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
76
According I the social conflict approach, deviance is ____
Shaped by power
77
According to Steven Spitzers social conflict approach analysis, which do the following would be at the greatest risk of being labeled deviant
Poor people who threaten the livelihood of the rich
78
In a unanimous decision related to sentencing for a hate crime, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that ththe government should not punish an individuals belief, but a persons belief is no longer protected when it
Becomes the motive for a crime
79
According to the social conflict theeeou, those who threaten the wealthy are likely to be labeled deviant because
Societal norms generally reflect the interests of the rich and powerful
80
Which of the following activities is an example of a white collar crime
Embezzling company money
81
All crimes are composed of two elements
The act and the criminal intent
82
Where does the federal bureau of investigation regularly report criminal offenses
Crime in the United States
83
What two major types of crime make up the FBI crime index
Crimes against the person (violent crimes) and crimes against property (property crimes)
84
What are crimes against the person or violent crimes
Crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others
85
Crimes against property or property crime
Crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others
86
Victimless crimes
Violations of the law in which there are no obvious victims. Also called crimes without complaint
87
The share of households owning at least one fun is lowest in the ____ and highest in the ___
Northeast, south
88
According to victimization surveys the overall crime rate is ____ official reports indicate
More than twice as high as
89
The rate of handgun homisides in the US is about ____ times higher than the rate in Canada
Seven
90
The policy of deescalation in police work refers to
Strategies to reduce the intensity of an encounter and the likelihood of any violence
91
The nation that executes more people than any other each year is
China
92
Plea bargaining
A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendants guilty plea
93
What does a society game through the punishment of wrongdoers
Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection
94
Retribution
An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
95
Deterrence
The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
96
Rehabilitation
A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
97
Societal protection
Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or death permanently by execution
98
Criminal recidivism
Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
99
Community based corrections
Correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
100
An eye for an eye describes which of the following justifications for punishment
Retribution
101
With regard to capital punishment in the United States, in recent years the number of executions
Has been decreasing
102
The central idea that underlies our entire criminal al justice system is
Due process
103
Due process is especially important in US society as it provides a check on the power of
Government
104
Partly in response to COVID the number of people in Jail or prison in the US
Declined to about 1.8 million in 2022
105
In general how do political conservatives differ from political progressives in terms of understanding the criminal justice system
Political conservatives favor “law and order” whereas political progressives are critical of the criminal justice system for supporting patterns of inequality
106
In 2020, in the wake of the killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis a national survey asked a representative sample of US adults about their level of confidence in police, which of the following responses correctly expresses the results of that survey
Of those who said they were republicans 42 percent had a “great deal of confidence” in police, compared to 12 percent of those who said they were demoncrats
107
How to political conservations and political progressives differ in terms of how they explain the recent increase in serious crime beginning in 2020
Progressives typically pointed to the pandemic, systemic racism, and the abundance of firearms in the US; conservatives pointed to “soft” treatment of offenders by officials in large cities and the erosions of police morale
108
The violation of a society’s formally enacted law is called ___\
Crime
109
Which of the following situations is an example of informal social control
Teasing a friend because he listens to Justin Biebers music
110
According to feminist theory, gender influences how we define deviance because people commonly
Use different standards to judge the behavior of males and females
111
Which sociologist argued that the prices of recognizing deviance performs essential social functions, such as clarifying boundaries and encouraging social change
Emilie Durkheim
112
Robert Merton asserts that the type of deviance people engage in depends on
The opportunity stares involving their cultural goals and the extend to which they have the means to achieve these goals
113
According to the symbolic interaction approach the definitions of deviance and conformity are
Variable from situation to situation
114
Which of the following statements is consistent with labeling theory
Deviance is a matter of social definition
115
Which of the following situations is an example do a secondary deviance
Elliot is an honor student at school after he is caught using recreational drugs by his father he becomes hostile and vows to get even. Stops going to school loses many of his friends and begins to take drugs everyday
116
Which do the following approaches states that when powerful people engage in harmful criminal activities they have r the resources to resist deviant labels
Social conflict theory
117
What do critics or hate crime laws argue is the downside to such legislation
It punishes people for their beliefs not just their actions
118
Surveys suggest that about what share of US households have one or more guns
About 40 percent of them
119
Which of the following countries had the highest rate of violent crime
The united states
120
In response to increasing public concern about the use of deadly force, police departments in the US have adopted
Policies to limit the use of deadly force and deesculate situations
121
The major reason that plea bargaining is so widely used in the US is that this policy
Spares the criminal justice system the time and expense of a trial
122
Todd claims that the likelihood of becoming a criminal offender depends more than anything on class and race. What theory is he supporting
Social conflict theory
123
In general people of higher social class position are less likely to be arrested for street crimes than people of lower class position
True
124
According to the social conflict approach deviance has a number of useful functions films for the operation of society as a whole
False
125
A poor person who has little chance to go to college and who sells illegal drugs to make money is one example do what Robert Merton called a deviant “innovator”
True
126
Coporafe crime refers to stealing or other crimes that are committed against a corporation or other large business
False
127
Albert Cohen suggested that lower class youths from a delinquent subculture to gain the self respect that society denies them
True
128
According to Robert Merton stain theory the term ____ correctly describes es the behavior of a school “dropout” who rejects both cultural fossils and the concept tonal means to reach them
Retreatist
129
Due process means handling alleged offenders within the bounds of the law
True
130
Today in the United States women are arrested for property crimes at the same rate that men are
False
131
Biological factors including genetics explain most criminal behavior
False
132
The old saying an eye for an eye expresses the idea underlying the policy of rehabilitation
False
133
Crime differs from deviance in that crime
Refers to a violation of norms enacted into law
134
Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz states that the label of insanity is widely applied to behavior that is actually only different
True
