Chapter 13 A&P

Question 1

What are the 3 main functions of the spinal cord?

Answer 1

1. Process reflexes
2. Integrate EPSPs and IPSPs
3. Conduct sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses to effectors

Question 2

Motor=

Answer 2

Movement

Question 3

What is the spinal cord protected by? (3)

Answer 3

1. Bone (vertebrae)
2. Connective tissue (meninges)
3. Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid AKA CSF fluid)

Question 4

What is CSF Fluid?

Answer 4

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 5

What is it called when all the vertebra are stacked?

Answer 5

Vertebral Column

Question 6

The 3 types of meninges:

Answer 6

1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater

Question 7

Which meninge is a thick, strong layer of dense irregular tissue?

Answer 7

Dura mater. (think durable)

Question 8

Which meninge is a meshwork webbing?

Answer 8

Arachnoid mater (think of the first part of “arachnophobia” Spiders = Webbing)

Question 9

Which meninge is a thin, delicate tissue?

Answer 9

Pia mater

Question 10

What are the spaces and meninges from out to in?

Hint: Every Dog Slurps Apple Sauce Playfully

Answer 10

Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

Question 11

The 3 spaces in the protection of the spinal cord? Out to in

Answer 11

Epidural space, Subdural space, Subarachnoid space

Question 12

The 3 meninges from out to in:

Answer 12

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 13

In which space does the CFS flow?

Answer 13

Subarachnoid space

Question 14

What are denticulate ligaments?

Answer 14

Paired extensions of spinal pia mater to help anchor the spinal cord

Question 15

FYI

Answer 15

Question 16

What are nerve plexuses?

Answer 16

Interweaving nerves

Question 17

What are the spinal cord subdivisions?

Answer 17

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral

Question 18

At what vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

Answer 18

L1 or L2

Question 19

What is at the end of the spinal cord?

Answer 19

Conus Medullaris

Question 20

What is cauda equina Latin for?

Answer 20

Horse’s Tail

Question 21

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 21

Extension of nerve root

Question 22

What is the filum terminale?

Answer 22

Thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor conus medullaris to coccyx.

Question 23

FYI: Conus medullaris, Cauda equina, filum terminale

Answer 23

Question 24

What are the three layers of the nerve?

outer to inner

Answer 24

Epineurium- outer layer

Perineurium- middle layer around fascicle

Endoneurium- inner layer around each axon

Question 25

What are "mixed" nerves?

Answer 25

Nerves that contain both sensory and motor axons

Question 26

How many spinal nerve pairs do you have?

Answer 26

31 pairs

Question 27

How many cervical nerves do you have?

Answer 27

8 (C1-C8)

Question 28

How many thoracic nerves do you have?

Answer 28

12 (T1-T12)

Question 29

How many lumbar nerves do you have?

Answer 29

5 (L1-L5)

Question 30

How many sacral nerves do you have?

Answer 30

5 (S1-S5)

Question 31

How many coccygeal nerves do you have?

Answer 31

1 (Co1)

Question 32

Why is gray matter gray?

Answer 32

It is unmyelinated

Question 33

What shape does gray matter resemble?

Answer 33

An "H"

Question 34

T or F: White matter is external to the gray matter.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Which matter uses "horns"?

Answer 35

Gray matter

Question 36

Which matter uses "columns"?

Answer 36

White matter

Question 37

What is white matter composed of?

Answer 37

Myelinated axons tracts going to and from the brain

Question 38

FYI: Gray and white matter drawn diagram

Answer 38

Question 39

FYI: Transverse section of lumbar spinal cord

Answer 39

Question 40

What is the anterior root known as?

Answer 40

Ventral root

Question 41

What kind of axons does the anterior/ventral root contain?

Answer 41

Only motor axons

Question 42

What is another name for posterior root?

Answer 42

Dorsal root

Question 43

What kind of axons does the posterior/dorsal root contain?

Answer 43

Only sensory axons

Question 44

How do spinal nerves become mixed nerves?

Answer 44

The anterior and posterior root unite within the intervertebral foramen to become the spinal nerves.

Question 45

FYI

Answer 45

Question 46

FYI: Very important to know!!

Answer 46

Question 47

FYI: Drawn diagram of sensory and motor root

Answer 47

Question 48

What kind of pathways are ascending?

Answer 48

Sensory. Signals from sensory receptors ascending to the brain.

Question 49

What kind of pathways are descending pathways?

Answer 49

Motor. Signals from brain to muscles or glands.

Question 50

What does decussate mean?

Answer 50

A cross over from one side of the body to the other side.

Question 51

Relationship to opposite side: *(90%)*

Answer 51

Contralateral

Question 52

Relationship to same side:

Answer 52

Ipsilateral

Question 53

What are dermatomes?

Answer 53

A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

Question 54

What are 3 things that dermatomes help with?

Answer 54

1. Divides skin into segments (dermatome map) 2. Can indicate potential damage to one or more spinal nerves 3. Involved in referred visceral pain

Question 55

FYI: Dermatome map

Answer 55

Question 56

What does the chickenpox virus invade?

Answer 56

Dorsal root ganglion and remains latent until adulthood

Question 57

What causes rash and blisters along the dermatome with burning and tingling pain?

Answer 57

Shingles

Question 58

What is nerve plexus?

Answer 58

Network of interweaving spinal nerves

Question 59

Main plexuses:

Answer 59

Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral

Question 60

FYI: Cervical Plexus

Answer 60

Question 61

FYI: Brachial Plexus

Answer 61

Question 62

What does axillary refer to?

Answer 62

Armpit

Question 63

FYI: Lumbar Plexus

Answer 63

Question 64

FYI: Sacral Plexus

Answer 64

Question 65

Sciatic nerve is the sciatic nerve UNTIL IT...

Answer 65

Splits

Question 66

What are reflexes?

Answer 66

Rapid, pre-programmed, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands

Question 67

What do reflexes help maintain?

Answer 67

Homeostasis

Question 68

What are the 5 steps of the reflex arc?

Answer 68

1. Sensory receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integrating center 4. Motor neuron 5. Effectors

Question 69

What does the motor neuron transmit?

Answer 69

A nerve signal to an effector

Question 70

FYI: Reflex arc

Answer 70

Question 71

What does a hypoactive reflex mean?

Answer 71

Reflex is diminished or absent. May indicate damage to segment of spinal cord, neuromuscular junction, or muscle disease.

Question 72

What does a hyperactive reflex mean?

Answer 72

Abnormally strong response. May indicate damage in brain or spinal cord.

Question 73

What is Clonus?

Answer 73

Rhythmic oscillations between flexion and extension. - May especially indicate damage.

Question 74

What are 4 types of traumatic injuries to the spinal cord?

Answer 74

Monoplegia- loss of function to one limb. Paraplegia- loss of function to legs/lower body. Hemiplegia- loss of function of one side of the body. (right or left) Quadriplegia- loss of function of all four limbs.

Question 75

What is a lumbar puncture?

Answer 75

Spinal tap

Question 76

What is a lumbar puncture for?

Answer 76

Used to analyze CSF to determine infection or disorder of CNS.

Question 77

What levels are lumbar puncture done at?

Answer 77

L3 - L4 or L4 - L5 *Remember that the spinal cord ends at L1-L2*

Question 78

What does EPSP stand for?

Answer 78

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

Question 79

What does IPSP stand for?

Answer 79

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential