Chapter 14 A&P Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What is the brain protected by? (3)
A
- Cranial bones
- Cranial meninges- Pia, Arachnoid, and Dura Mater
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
2
Q
What are the 3 cranial meninges? (inner to outer)
A
Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Dura Mater
3
Q
Which cranial meninge layer is “spider webby”?
A
Arachnoid Mater
3
Q
Which cranial meninge layer is tough, dense irregular CT?
A
Dura Mater
3
Q
Which cranial meninge is the innermost layer that tightly adheres to the brain?
A
Pia Mater
4
Q
FYI
A
5
Q
FYI
A
5
Q
What happens in an epidural hematoma?
A
There is a pool of blood in the epidural space of the brain.
6
Q
What happens in a subdural hematoma?
A
Hemorrhage in the subdural space.
7
Q
What is inflammation of the meninges?
A
Meningitis
8
Q
What are 4 symptoms of Meningitis?
A
Fever, Headache, Vomiting, Stiff Neck
9
Q
Which has more severe symptoms? Meningitis or Bacterial meningitis?
A
Bacterial Meningitis
10
Q
What is CSF mostly composed of?
A
Water
11
Q
What does CSF surround?
A
Brain and Spinal cord
12
Q
What does CSF circulate in?
A
Ventricles and subarachnoid space
13
Q
What is the Choroid Plexus?
A
Ependymal cells and blood capillaries.
14
Q
Where is CSF made?
A
The Choroid Plexus
15
Q
What are 3 functions of CSF?
A
- Buoyancy
- Protection
- Transports nutrients and chemical messengers to the brain
16
Q
FYI: CSF
A
17
Q
What are brain ventricles?
A
Cavities or spaces within the brain
18
Q
How many lateral ventricles are in the brain?
A
Two
19
Q
What are brain ventricles lined with?
A
Ependymal Cells
20
Q
How is the Third ventricle connected to the lateral ventricles?
A
Via the interventricular foramen
21
Q
How does the Fourth ventricle communicate with the Third ventricle?
A
Through the cerebral aqueduct
22
The Fourth ventricle continues down the ( ) of the spinal cord or around the ( ).
Central canal, Brain
23
FYI: CSF Flow
24
FYI
25
The brain utilizes about ( )% of the body's oxygen supply
20
26
What does the Blood-Brain Barrier do? (BBB)
Strictly regulates which substances enter the brain's interstitial fluid.
Helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances.
27
What *can* cross the BBB?
Drugs- Cocaine, Meth
Blood waste products
Alcohol
Anesthetics
Variations in levels of normal substances
28
FYI
29
What are the 4 main parts of the brain?
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brain stem
4. Diencephalon
30
What is the cerebrum composed of?
Two halves- the left and right hemispheres
31
What is the deep cleft in the cerebrum called?
Longitudinal fissure
32
What connects the two hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum- white matter
33
What provides the main method of communication between hemispheres?
The corpus callosum
34
Which side of the body does the right hemisphere control?
The left side (vice versa with the right)
35
What is the cerebrum the center of?
Intelligence, reasoning, thought, memory, judgement, voluntary motor, visual, and auditory activities
36
FYI
37
What are the outer surface folds of the brain called?
Gyri
38
What are sulci?
Shallow depressions in the brain
39
What are the deeper grooves on the brain called?
Fissures
40
FYI
41
What are the two tissue areas of the brain and spinal cord?
Gray and White matter
42
What is the order of white and gray matter on the brain out to in?
Gray on outside, white deep, gray deeper
43
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
44
Which lobe is where you find your voluntary motor control? Also personality?
Frontal
45
Which lobe is responsible for your general sensory functions?
Parietal
46
Which lobe is involved with your hearing and smell?
Temporal
47
Which lobe processes visual information and stores visual memories?
Occipital
48
What does the parieto-occipital sulcus do?
Separates parietal from the occipital lobe
49
What does the central sulcus separate?
Frontal lobe from parietal lobe
50
Where is the precentral gyrus?
In the frontal lobe; in front of the central sulcus
51
Where is the postcentral gyrus?
In the parietal lobe; behind the central sulcus
52
What is the main site for motor function?
Precentral gyrus
53
What is the main site for sensory function?
Postcentral gyrus
54
What controls your skeletal muscle activity?
Primary motor cortex
55
What is the motor homunculus?
A diagram that displays the distorted distribution of the motor cortex throughout the body.
56
What is this (cursed image) depicting?
Motor homunculus
57
Where is the primary sensory cortex located?
On the postcentral gyrus
58
Primary somatosensory cortex
59
What is this (even more cursed image) depicting?
Sensory homunculus
60
2 functional areas of the cerebrum:
1. Wernicke's Area
2. Broca's Area
61
Wernicke is for ( ). Whereas Broca is for ( ).
Comprehension, Speech
62
Where is Wernicke's area located?
Left hemisphere covering the parietal and temporal lobes.
63
Where is Broca's area located?
Left frontal lobe
64
What are the components of the diencephalon? (3)
Epithalamus, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus
65
What does the Epithalamus house?
Pineal gland- functions for circadian rhythm
66
What are paired oval masses of gray matter?
The Thalamus
67
What receives impulses from all conscious senses except olfaction?
Thalamus
68
FYI
69
FYI: Thalamus
70
Hypo means...
Below
71
What is the master control of the (ANS) autonomic nervous system AND of the endocrine system?
The Hypothalamus
72
What controls emotional behavior, food intake, regulation of body temp?
Hypothalamus
73
What is the brain stem from superior to inferior?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
74
What is the posterior region of the midbrain?
Tectum or Corpora Quadrigemina
75
What controls visual reflexes and tracking?
*Ex. turning eyes in response to visual stimulus*
Superior colliculi
76
What controls auditory reflexes?
*Ex. turning head in direction of sound*
Inferior colliculi
77
What make up the "pyramids" in the medulla oblongata?
Two longitudinal ridges on anterior surface
78
What are the folds called in the cerebellum?
Folia
79
What are the left and right cerebellar hemispheres separated by?
Primary fissure
80
What is the cerebellar cortex?
Outer gray matter of cortex
81
What is arbor vitae?
Internal region of white matter
82
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates and "fine-tunes" skeletal muscle movements
83
FYI
84
3 system components of the limbic system:
Hippocampus, Amygdala body, Olfactory bulbs
85
What assists in storing memories and forming long-term memory?
Hippocampus
86
What is involved in several aspects of emotion, especially fear?
Amygdala body
87
What processes odors that can provoke emotion?
Olfactory bulbs
88
Which nervous system are cranial nerves a part of?
PNS
89
Cranial Nerves 1-12 (know the Roman numerals. The ones italicized are the ones you need to know the function for.)
*pneumonic device: Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Great Vegetables At Harvest*
*I. Olfactory*
*II. Optic*
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
*V. Trigeminal*
VI. Abducens
*VII. Facial*
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
*X. Vagus*
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
90
Which cranial nerve helps you smell?
I. Olfactory nerve
91
Which cranial nerve is for your vision?
II. Optic nerve
92
Which cranial nerve helps you chew? What are 3 sensory surfaces in relation to this nerve?
V. Trigeminal nerve.
1. Scalp
2. Face
3. Oral cavity
93
What nerve provides taste anterior tongue and muscles of facial expression?
VII. Facial nerve
94
What nerve is the longest traversing neuron of the cranial nerves?
X. Vagus nerve
95
What does the Vagus nerve provide?
Visceral sensory from heart, lungs, and abdominal organs.
96
FYI: Cranial Nerves
