Chapter 6 A&P

Question 1

What are the 3 general functions of bone?

Answer 1

1. Support/Protection
2. Hemopoiesis
3. Storage of calcium mineral

Question 2

What is Hemopoiesis?

Answer 2

Production of blood cells occurring in red bone marrow

Question 3

What does bone store?

Answer 3

Calcium Mineral

Question 4

Describe the diaphysis.

Answer 4

Elongated, usually cylindrical shaft

Question 5

What is the knobby region at the ends of a long bone called?

Answer 5

Epiphysis

Question 6

End of the bone CLOSEST to the trunk?

Answer 6

Proximal epiphysis

Question 7

End of the bone FARTHEST from the trunk?

Hint: Think of distance.

Answer 7

Distal epiphysis

Question 8

What is articular cartilage covered by? Why?

Answer 8

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage for reducing friction and absorbing shock

Question 9

What is the region called of mature bone between diaphysis and epiphysis?

Answer 9

Metaphysis

Question 10

What cavity is in the middle of the bone?

Answer 10

Medullary cavity

Question 11

What is found in adults to indicate they are done growing?

Answer 11

The epiphyseal line

Question 12

What provides for continued bone growth (lengthwise)?

Answer 12

Epiphyseal plate

Question 13

What is Endosteum?

Hint: Endo = in

Answer 13

Tissue that covers all internal surfaces of bone within medullary cavity

Question 14

What is Periosteum?

Hint: Peri = around

Answer 14

Tough sheath of tissue covering the outer surface of the bone

Question 15

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

Answer 15

Red and yellow

Question 16

Which bone marrow is made up of a fatty substance?

Answer 16

Yellow

Question 17

What are the 4 kinds of cells in the bone?

Answer 17

1. Osteoprogenitor- primordial
2. Osteoblasts (baby bone cells)
3. Osteocytes- maintenance
4. Osteoclasts- eat bone, cause to release calcium

Question 18

2 main divisions of bone tissue:

Answer 18

Compact and Spongey

Question 19

What is the purpose of compact bone?

Answer 19

Provides protection and support

Question 20

What is the purpose of spongey bone?

Answer 20

It provides tissue support

Question 21

What is compact bone composed of?

Answer 21

Osteons

Question 22

What lies at the center of osteon where blood vessels and nerves travel?

Answer 22

Central canal

Question 23

What is the Concentric lamellae?

Answer 23

The rings of bone surrounding the central canal

Question 24

What is a component of spongey bone?

Answer 24

Trabeculae

Question 25

What is trabeculae?

Answer 25

Form of meshwork of crisscrossing bars to provide resistance to stresses

Question 26

What is the process of bone formation called?

Answer 26

Ossification (osteogenesis)

Question 27

When would bones form? (4 ways)

Answer 27

1. Fetal development 2. When bones grow before adulthood 3. When bones remodel 4. Fractures heal

Question 28

What are the two forms in which ossification takes place?

Answer 28

Intramembranous and Endochondral

Question 29

What kind of bones are formed with intramembranous ossification?

Answer 29

Facial bones

Question 30

Steps of intramembranous ossification: (4)

Answer 30

1. Form thickened regions 2. Osteoid undergoes calcification 3. Extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae to fuse to form spongey bone 4. Development of periosteum from periphery of bone

Question 31

True or false: The epiphyseal plate starts as cartilage.

Answer 31

True, it only solidifies into bone once you are done growing.

Question 32

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 32

The continual process of bone deposition and resorption

Question 33

How does one get increased bone mass?

Answer 33

Weight-bearing activities

Question 34

How does decreased bone mass happen?

Answer 34

No to little stress on the bone structure which causes demineralization

Question 35

What are the 4 steps of the healing process when a bone fractures?

Answer 35

1. Reactive phase- formation of fracture hematoma 2. Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus 3. A bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling

Question 36

What percentage of calcium do bones store?

Answer 36

99%

Question 37

What is secreted when calcium levels drop?

Answer 37

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 38

When calcium is released, what is then stimulated to increase bone breakdown?

Answer 38

Osteoclasts

Question 39

What is Osteopenia?

Answer 39

When bone density and mass decrease, usually due to older age

Question 40

What is the more severe version of Osteopenia?

Answer 40

Osteoporosis