Chapter 15

Question 1

How old is earth considered to be?

Answer 1

4.6 billion years old

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

• evolve by 3.5 billion years old
• began oxygen production about 2.7 billion years ago
• lived alone for almost 2 billion years

Question 3

Single-celled ________ are considered to have evolved about 2.1 billion years ago.

Answer 3

Eukaryotes

Question 4

___________ eukaryotes are considered to have evolved approximately 1.2 billion years ago.

Answer 4

Multicellular

Question 5

Biological history is stores __________ layers

Answer 5

geological

Question 6

2.5 billion year-old fossilized prokaryote mats suggest that photosynthetic bacteria produced O2, which created an ___________________ important for life.

Answer 6

Aerobic atmosphere

Question 7

These fossilized mats containing photosynthetic bacteria are called _______________.

Answer 7

stromatolites

Question 8

This is referred to as the ____________.

Answer 8

Oxygen revolution

Question 9

Earths early atmosphere probably contained ? 5

Answer 9

H2O, CO, CO2, N2 and possibly some CH4

Question 10

The absence of _________ in the oldest rocks shows that there little or no O2 was present

Answer 10

oxidation

Question 11

All organisms today arise via ___________, stating that life comes from life.

Answer 11

biogenesis

Question 12

According to current hypotheses, the first organisms arose via chemical evolution in 3 stages.

Answer 12

1. Collection of monomers
2. Formation of RNA polymers (simple genes)
3. Assembly of complement RNA (replication)

Question 13

All organisms today arise via biogenesis, stating that life comes from life this is known as

Answer 13

Biogenesis paradox

Question 14

___________ were likely synthesized from simpler molecules… this take energy.

Answer 14

Macromolecules

Question 15

On the early Earth, it is proposed that inorganic chemicals were energized by ______ or ________ and combined to form new structures.

Answer 15

lighting or UV radiation

Question 16

In 1953, _________ simulated what he thought was the “early earth” in his laboratory.

Answer 16

Stanley miller

Question 17

Simple organic molecules can _________ on hot rocks or clay

Answer 17

polymerize

Question 18

Simple organic molecules can polymerize on hot rocks or clay, this can produced ___________ and __________________.

Answer 18

Polypeptides and short nucleic acids

Question 19

Short ___ pieces may have been acted as the 1st type of nucleic acid present on the early earth.

Answer 19

RNA

Question 20

Polymerization of organic monomers in various situations does occur, however they are also often broken down into _______________________.

Answer 20

Monomers during these same processes.

Question 21

If a RNA polymer formed, the catalytic ability of RNA may have lead to ______________________.

Answer 21

Self-replication of RNA

Question 22

Short RNA molecules can act as rough templates for the formation of _________________.

Answer 22

Short polypeptides

Question 23

can assist with RNA replication.

Answer 23

Polypeptides

Question 24

These polypeptides can then assist with RNA replication, such assemblies may as ________. “Co-ops”

Answer 24

Primitive molecular cooperation.

Question 25

are RNA molecules that act like enzymes.

Answer 25

Ribozymes

Question 26

if they are placed into a aqueous (water-based) solution, they form a self-sealing sphere. why does this happen.

Answer 26

because phospolipids have hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic heads

Question 27

This self sealing sphere may have acted like a __________________, sealing RNA and polypeptides.

Answer 27

primitive membrane

Question 28

A protected chemical environment may have given rise to a ______________.

Answer 28

primitive metabolism

Question 29

________, then favors those co-ops that are most efficient, and effectively reproduce (or divide)

Answer 29

Natural selection

Question 30

Although scientists have not made life, they attest that over the course of billions of years, the correct combinations of macromolecules came together to form a simple cell, then ____________________.

Answer 30

Environmental pressures are responsible for the variety we see today.

Question 31

Distant _________________ are used to categorize organisms into time frames when they evolved and existed on earth.

Answer 31

Geological eras

Question 32

Radiometric dating uses _________________ which decay with predictable half-life. The 1/2 life is measured, and compared to current standards to determine the age of ancient fossils and geologic rocks.

Answer 32

Radioactive isotopes

Question 33

According to the theory of plate tectonics......

Answer 33

the Earths crust is divided into giant, irregularly shaped plates that essentially float on the underlying mantle

Question 34

In a process called ____________, movements in the mantle cause the plates to move.

Answer 34

Continental drift

Question 35

Since the origin of multicellular life roughly 1.5 billon years ago, there have been three occasions in which the landmasses of earth came together to form a supercontinent called _______

Answer 35

Pangea

Question 36

Continental drift explains the distribution of lungfishes, fossils of lungfishes are found on every continent except Antarctice, today, living lungfishes are found in south america, africa, and australia, this evidence suggest that lung fish evolved when

Answer 36

Pangea was still in tact

Question 37

Volcanoes and earthquakes result from the movements of _____________.

Answer 37

Crustal plate

Question 38

The boundaries of plates are hotspots of _________________.

Answer 38

volcanic and earthquake activitly

Question 39

over the last 500 million years,

Answer 39

- five mass extinctions have occured - in each event, more than 50% of the earths species went extinit - the boundaries of plates are hotspots of volcanic and earthquake activity

Question 40

When the Permian mass extinction occur

Answer 40

occured about 251 million years ago

Question 41

What happened in the Permian mass extinction

Answer 41

claimed 96% of marine animals specied, and took a tremendous toll on terrestrial life, and was likely caused by enormous volcanic eruption.

Question 42

In the Crataceous mass extinction what happened

Answer 42

caused the extinction of all the dinosaurs except birds | - was likely caused by a large asteroid that struck the Earth, blocking light and disrupting the global climate

Question 43

What is adaptive radiations?

Answer 43

are periods of evolutionary change that - occur when many new species evolve from common ancestor that colonized a new, unexploited area - often follow extinction events

Question 44

Radiations may result from the evolution of new adaptations such as

Answer 44

Wings, and adaptation for life on land in plants, insects, and tetrapods

Question 45

The fossil record can tell us

Answer 45

- What the great events in history of life have been | - when they occured

Question 46

The field of _____________________ addresses the interface of evolutionary biology and developmental biology and examines how slight genetic changes can produce major morphological differences

Answer 46

Evo-devo (evolution and development)

Question 47

Genes that program development controls the

Answer 47

- rate - timing - spatial pattern of change in an organisms form as it develops

Question 48

______________ is the retention in the adult of body structures that were juveniles features in an ancestral species.

Answer 48

Paedomorphosis

Question 49

An example of Paedomorphosis is

Answer 49

the Axolotl salamande in which sexually mature adults retain gills and other larval features

Question 50

Are the master control genes and determine basic features, such as where pairs of wings or legs developed on a fruit fly.

Answer 50

Homeotic genes

Question 51

profound alternations in body form can result from

Answer 51

- changes in homeotic gene | - how or where homeotic genes are expressed

Question 52

In the evolution of an eye or any other complex structure, behavior, or biochemical pathways, each step must

Answer 52

- bring a selective advantage to the organism possessing | - increase the organisms fitness

Question 53

In other cases, evolutionary novelties result from the gradual adaptation of existing structures to new function, such structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function are often called __________________.

Answer 53

exaptation

Question 54

examples of expectations include

Answer 54

- feathers that may have first functioned for insulation and later were co-opted for flight - flippers of penguins that first functioned for flight and were co-opted for underwater swimming.

Question 55

is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Answer 55

Phylogeny

Question 56

Phylogeny can be inferred from

Answer 56

- the fossil record - morphological homologies - molecular homolgies

Question 57

is a discipline of biology

Answer 57

systematics

Question 58

systematics is discipline of biology that focuses on

Answer 58

- classifying organism | - determining their evolutionary relationship

Question 59

Carolus Linnaeus introduced ______, a system of naming and classifying species

Answer 59

Taxonomy

Question 60

biologists assign each species a two-part scientific name or ___________.

Answer 60

binomial

Question 61

biologists assign each species a two-part scientific name or binomial, consisting of

Answer 61

- a genus | - a unique part for each species within the genus

Question 62

______ are grouped into progressively larger

Answer 62

Genera

Question 63

Each taxonomic unit is a ____

Answer 63

Taxon

Question 64

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Answer 64

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Question 65

Biologists traditionally use _______ to depict hypotheses about the evolutionary history of species

Answer 65

Phylogenetic tree

Question 66

The branching diagrams reflect the _____________ of groups nested within more inclusive group

Answer 66

hierarchial classification

Question 67

___________tree indicate the probable evolutionary relationships among groups and patterns of descent

Answer 67

Phylogenetic