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Biology 100 > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes are

A

Single celled organisms which lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotes, they are considered to be the most,

A

Ancient and simplest life-form

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3
Q

What are the two domains,

A

Archaea, bacteria

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • 1-5um in diameter
  • are found wherever there is life
  • outnumber all eukaryotes conbined
  • can cause disease
  • can be beneficial
  • have no organelles
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5
Q

What are the 3 forms of prokaryotes

A

Cocci Bacilli and spirochete

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6
Q

Nearly all prokaryotes have a ________

A

cell wall

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7
Q

The cell wall in a prokaryote can…..

A
  • provide physical protection

- prevent the cell wall from bursting in a hypotonic environment

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8
Q

When gram stained, cell walls of bacteria are either

A
  • gram-positive, with more layers of peptidoglycan

- gram-negative, with less peptidoglycan, however a more complex cytoplasmic membrane and more likely to cause diseases

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9
Q

The cell wall of many prokaryotes is covered by a _______, a sticky layer of polysaccarides or protein.

A

Capsule

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10
Q

__________: enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony and shields pathogenic prokarotes from attacks by a hosts immune system

A

Capsule

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11
Q

_________ help prokaryotes move in their environment.

A

Flagella

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12
Q

what are the modes of nutrition.

A

Photoautotrophs

  • photoheterotrophs
  • chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotroph
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13
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon

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14
Q

Photohereotrophs

A

obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules

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15
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon dioxide for carbon

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16
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules

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17
Q

______: are complex associations of one or several species of prokaryotes

A

Biofilms

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18
Q

Prokaryotes attach to surface and form biofilm communities and are ___________.

A

difficult to eradicate

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19
Q

Biofilms are larger complex “cities” of microbes that……

A

_ comminicate by chemical signals, coordinate a divison of labor & defense, and use channels to distribute nutrients and collect waste.

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20
Q

________ is the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water

A

bioremediation

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21
Q

The domain Bacteria is currently divided into five groups, based on comparisons of genetic sequences

A

Proteobacteria

  • Gram-positive bacteria
  • cyanobacteria
  • chlamydias
  • spirochetes
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22
Q

Proteobacteria

A

All gram negative bacteria, diverse, some are symbiotic with legumes (N2 fixers)

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23
Q

Gram-postive bacteria

A

As diverse as proteobacteria

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24
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

The only group of prokararyotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis. some are N2 fixers

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25
Chlamydias
intercellualar bacteria that live inside eukaryotic host cells
26
Spirochetes
Are helical bacteria and notorious pathogens, causing syphilis and lyme disease
27
All organisms are almost constantly exposed to____________.
pathogenic bacteria
28
_________ are proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment.
Exotoxin
29
_________ are components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
Endotoxin
30
Extreme_______ thrive in very salty places
Halophiles
31
extreme______ thrive in very hot water, such as geysers, and acid pools
thermophiles
32
___________: live in anaerobic enviroments, and give off methane as a waste product from the digestive tract of cattle, deer, and in decomposing materials of landfills.
Methanogens
33
________: are diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. this is refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungus, however they often share some similarities to these eukaryotes
Protists
34
Protists are found in many habitats including......
- anywhere there is mosture | - the bodies of host organisms
35
_______: autotrophs which produce their food by photosynthesis
Algae
36
________: heterotrophs which eat bacteria and other protists
Protozoans
37
________: heterotrophs which derive their nutrition from a living host
Parasites
38
________: use photosynthesis and heterotrophy
Mixotrophs
39
The _________________ explains the orgin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Endosymbiont theory
40
Eukaryotic cells evolved when prokaryotes established residence with other, larger ____________
Prokaryotes
41
The endsymbiont theory is supported by present-day ___________ and _____________.
mitochodria | chloroplast
42
Support for Endosymbiosis includes
- structural and molecular similarities to prokaryotic cells | - replication and use their own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA of the cell
43
The process in which an autotrophic eukaryotic protist became endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic eukaryotic protist
Secondary endosymbiosis
44
are a larger supergroup including autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs
Chromalveolates
45
What are some representatives of chromalveolates
- diatoms - dinoflagellates - brown algae - water molds - ciliates - plasmodium
46
___________, unicellular algae with a class cell wall containing silica
Diatoms
47
__________, unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixtrophs that are common components of marine plankton
Dinoflagellates
48
__________, large, multicellular autotrophs
Brown algae (kelp)
49
Other chromalveolates include
- water mold - ciliates - plasmodium
50
Water molds
unicellular heterotrophs
51
Ciliates
Unicellular heterotrophs and mixotrophs that use cilia to move and feed.
52
a group including parasites, such as ________ which causes malaria
Plasmodium
53
__________ are a claude (group) grouped together by DNA similarites
Rhizarians
54
Rhizarans include ___________&___________ which are often referred to as amoebas
Foraminiferans | Radiolarians
55
__________: are found in the oceans and in fresh water
Foraminiferans
56
Foraminiferans have porous shells called ______, composed of calcium carbonate
Tests
57
_________ are mostly marine, produce a mineralized internal skeleton made of silica
Radiolarians
58
__________ is a new clade on the basis of molecular and morphological simiarities
Excavata
59
___________: have modified mitchondria that lack functional electron transport chains and use anaerobic pathways such as glycolysis to extract energy
Excavates
60
Excavates include.
- heterotrophic termite endosymbionts - mixotrophs such as Euglena - the common waterborne parasite giardia intestinails, - the parasite trichomonas vaginalis, which causes 5 million new infections each year of human reproductive tract - the parasite trypanosoma, which causes sleepinmg sickness in humans
61
______________ is a grouping considered closely related to fungi and animals, it inculdes some amoebas and slime molds
Unikonts
62
Plasmodial slime molds
- are common where there is moist, decaying organic matter
63
consist of a single, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm undivided by plasma membranes, called ____________.
Plasmodium
64
___________: are common on rotting logs and decaying organic matter and usually exist as solitary amoeboid cells, but when food is scarce, amoeboid cells
Cellular slime molds
65
Swarm together, forming a slug-like aggregate that wanders around for a short time and then forms a stock supporting an asexual reproduction structure that produces _________.
Spores
66
Archaeplastide include
- red algae - green algae - land plants
67
Red algae
- are mostly multicellular - contribute to the structure of coral reefs - are commercially valuable
68
green algae
may be unicellar, colonial or multicellar
69
Multicellular organisms are fundamentally different from __________ organisms
Unicellular
70
a _________ organism has various specialized cells that perform different functions and are interdependent
Multicellular
71
All of lifes activities occur within a single cell in __________ organisms
unicellular
72
multicellular organisms have evolved from three different lineages
- brown algae evolved from chromalveolates - fungi and animals evolved from unikonts - red algae and green algae evolved from achaeplastid
73
One hypothesis states that two separate ________led to fungi and animals, diverging more than 1 billion years ago
Unikont
74
Morphological and molecular evidence suggest that _________ are the closest living protist relative of animals
Choanoflagellates

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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