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Biology 100 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

The cellular basis of reproduction and inheritance

1
Q

________________ Is the biological creation of the next generation.

A

Reproduction

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2
Q

reproduction occurs primarily at the ________________.

A

cellular level

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3
Q

Cell division is critical for the continuing replacement of __________________.

A

ageing or lost.

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4
Q

Cell division is critical for the production of additional cells to allow ________ and __________.

A

growth and reproduction

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5
Q

Cell division is called_____________.

A

mitosis

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6
Q

There are two types of reproduction, _____________ and ___________ reproduction.

A

asexual; sexual

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7
Q

During asexual reproduction there is ___________________________.

A

no exchange of genetic material.

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8
Q

An organism reproduces by making an ____________________.

A

exact copy of itself.

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9
Q

Most prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually in a process called ______________.

A

binary fission

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10
Q

During _______________________, two organism exchange genetic material to produce a new generation of organisms that is similar.

A

sexual reproduction

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11
Q

During sexual reproduction, two organisms exchange genetic material to produce a new generation of organisms that is similar.
This exchange may be accomplished by __________ of eggs and sperm or direct DNA exchange (as in many Unicellular organisms)

A

fertilization

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12
Q

To achieve fertilization, gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced by gonads, and they ____________.

A

must be used

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13
Q

The production of gametes is a series of 2 cellular divisions called __________.

A

meiosis

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14
Q

Each cell contains all of the genetic information that makes up an organism, this molecular information is know as the___________.

A

Genome

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15
Q

Each cell contains all of the genetic information that makes and organism, most of this information is located in the nucleus of ______________.

A

eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

What are the two primary functions of a cell?

A

Conduct metabolic activities and divide to create more cells.

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17
Q

What is the metabolic phase called?

A

Interpahse

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18
Q

What is the reproductive phase called?

A

Mitotic phase

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19
Q

Metabolic activity and synthesis of enzymes.

A

G1: Gap phase.

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20
Q

All chromosomes are duplicated

A

S phase; DNA synthesis

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21
Q

Chromosomes divide and cell division occurs

A

M phase; Mitotic phase

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22
Q

Production of microtubules important for cellular division

A

G2 phase Last stage before mitosis

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23
Q

Chromosomes are assembled from DNA strands plus several ________ proteins.

A

histone

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24
Q

When chromosomes are assembled from DNA strands plus several histone proteins this assemblage is called___________.

A

Chromatin

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25
During_______, when the DNA needs to be active, the chromosomes are _______.
interphase; unwound
26
When DNA needs to be replicated before ________, the chromosomes are ___________, like a ball of string.
mitosis, tightly wound
27
DNA has a _________ charge.
Negative
28
_____ is coiled and folded several times enabling this extremely long molecule to be packaged into a tiny ______.
DNA; Nucleus
29
In preparation for _______, all of the genetic material is replicated.
Mitosis
30
The resulting two copies of the DNA are __________________.
Sister chromatids
31
During Mitosis the sister chromatids are,___________ and __________ to different daughter cells.
Separated and distributed
32
After __________, the genetic material must be divided so that cell_______ can occur.
interphase; division
33
The steps leading up to a cell division are collectively known as ____________.
Mitosis
34
During mitosis, spindle fibers formed by the cells _________ attach to the chromosomes at structures called ________ and guide the chromosomes into position.
Certrioles; Kinetochores
35
The chromosomes are first moved to the middle of the cell by ____________.
Mitotic spindles
36
The spindle fibers then separate the chromosomes into two identical sets by moving them to the __________ of the dividing cell.
Polar end
37
What order does mitosis occur in?
``` Prophase metaphase anaphase telephase cynkinesis ```
38
What happens in the early Prophase and what step does this occur?
Mitotic spindle form | 1st
39
What happens in the late prophase and what step does this occur?
Chromosomes compact nuclear envelope breaks 1st
40
What happens in Metaphase and what step does this occur?
Chromosomes compact, move to middle of cell also mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes at kinrtochore. 2nd
41
What happens in Anaphase and what steps does this occur?
Mitotic spindle shortens, pulls chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell. This is the 3rd phase
42
What happens in the Telophase and Cytokinesis and what step does this occur?
mitotic spindle disintegrates, nuclear envelope begins to form again, and cell divides
43
________ is the final step in cell formation.
Cytokinesis
44
Cytokinesis is typically coincides with_________.
Telophase
45
During cytokinesis, the ________ is split up as the new cells are completed.
Cytoplasm
46
In animals, cytokinesis occurs by __________.
Cleavage
47
Cleavage "_______" the cell apart.
Pinches
48
In plants, ________ with cell wall material accumulate at the cell midline.
Vesicles
49
Vesicles with cell wall material accumulate at the cell midline, these vesicles form a ________________.
Membranous cell plate
50
Once the ends of the cell plate are connected to the cell wall, ______ cells have been formed.
two
51
The cell cycle operates as a control device for cell ___________ and ___________.
development; growth
52
__________ (cancer causing agent) or genetic may interrupt or change the timing of the cell cycle as a cell growth.
Carcinogens
53
Carcinogens may cause to reproduce at the wrong time or in the wrong place, causing _________.
Tumor growth
54
A __________ is a mass of defective cells that remains cohesive in its place of origin.
Benign tumor
55
A _________ is a spreading tumor, whose cells may spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant tumor
56
______ cells divide rapidly and may spread to other organs and tissues.
Cancer
57
_________ is the spread of cancer to other places.
Metastasis
58
What types of treatments are available for treating cancer?
Surgery ('slash") removes Radiation therapy ("burn") disrupts cell division Cheotherapy ("poison") uses drugs that disrupt cell division of fast-dividing cancer cells
59
What is the fundamental purpose of sex?
Reproduction
60
What is the cellular process that prepares reproductive cells?
Meiosis
61
When male and females reproductive cells fuse?
Fertilization
62
Most of the cells in an organism are called?
Diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
63
Somatic cells have ____ chromosomes.
46
64
46 chromosomes can be denoted as_____.
2n
65
Reproductive cells, such as gamates only have n= __ chromosomes or a haploid set.
23
66
An order of chromosomes pairs used to determine chromosome number and characteristics is known as.
Karotype
67
What are matching chromosomes pairs called?
Homologous chromosomes
68
Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes that are of the same size and basic composition theses a referred to as what?
Autosome
69
What is the 23rd chomosomes referred to as?
Sex chromosomes
70
Men have __ chromosomes.
xy
71
Women have ___ chromosomes.
xx
72
Eggs and Sperm are___________.
gametes
73
Gametes are produced by _________.
gonads
74
The sequence of events that leads from one to the next is referred to as the __________.
Life cycle
75
Meiosis produces _____ ____, they fuse to form a ___________.
Haploid gametes | Diploid zygote
76
The diploid zygote undergoes ________.
Mitosis
77
How does meiosis divide chromosome numbers in half?
1st each chromosome is duplicated 2nd the 1st cell division occurs (meiosis I) segregating two chromosomes of a homologous pair into two haploid daughter cells ( each chromosome has two sister chromatids) 3rd, Meiosis II seprates sister chromatids, resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells (each chromosome with only 1 sister chromatid)
78
During meiosis diploid organisms produce ___________.
haploid gametes
79
During meiosis diploid organisms produce haploid gametes, it takes two divisions to do this. What are they called?
Meiosis I | Meiosis II
80
In contrast to mitosis,
Meiosis exchanges genetic information, allowing variation
81
meiosis only occurs in
overios or testes

Biology 100 (19 decks)

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