Chapter 17

Question 1

________ are multicellular, autotrophic, terrestrial eukaryotes.

Answer 1

Plants

Question 2

Plants must have important ________ and ________ differences then algae to deal with gravity and water loss.

Answer 2

Structural

functional

Question 3

Plants obtain _____ and ______ from the air.

Answer 3

• Light

- Carbon

Question 4

Plants obtain______ and _____ from the soil.

Answer 4

• water

- nutrients

Question 5

plants must posses structures above and below ground which include

Answer 5

-Shoots (stems and leaves) and roots

Question 6

Plants also have ______, a chemical that hardens cell walls which helps keep them erect.

Answer 6

Lignin

Question 7

________ transports substances between the roots and shoots

Answer 7

Vascular tissue

Question 8

______ transport water up from the roots.

Answer 8

Xylem

Question 9

_____ transport food (sugars) down from the shoot.

Answer 9

Phloem

Question 10

To increase nutrient uptake, many plants have symbiotic associations with bacteria and fungi, such as __________ on their roots. This fungus increases surface area of roots and take up more water.

Answer 10

Mycorrhizae

Question 11

The phloem and the xylem together are considered to be ___________.

Answer 11

Vascular tissue

Question 12

Photosynthesis is primarily carried out in the ___________ located in the leaves of a plant.

Answer 12

Mesophyll cell

Question 13

Leaves allow gas exchange, using ______ (openings) to take in CO2 necessary for the calvin cycle to produce glucose.

Answer 13

Stomata

Question 14

Plants have protective structures called ___________to produce their gametes.

Answer 14

Gametangia

Question 15

After fertilization, the _____ develops inside the female plant.

Answer 15

Zygote

Question 16

Colonization of terrestrial environments by photosynthetic organisms is thought to have occurred ________.

Answer 16

gradually

Question 17

Molecular evidence indicates ________, a group of green algae, as the closest relative of terrestrial plants.

Answer 17

Charophytes

Question 18

The _____________ of the plant kingdom shows how successive adaptations allowed plants to become highly successful in diverse terrestrial habitats.

Answer 18

evolutionary history

Question 19

What are the four major steps in the Evolutionary Botanist?

Answer 19

(1) the origin of plants from the charophytes
(2) the diversification of vascular plants
(3) the origin of the seed
(4) the emergence of anigosperms (flowering plants)

Question 20

________: non-vascular plants, they grow in low lying mats. Include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Answer 20

Bryophytes

Question 21

________: considered to be the 1st vascular plant, however it lacks seeds, and contains spores. Include club mosses and ferns.

Answer 21

Ferns

Question 22

_________: (conifer) have a “naked seed” because the seed is not protected by maternal tissue. Include conifers, cycads, and ginkos

Answer 22

Gymnsperms

Question 23

________: flowering plants, flower is a complex productive structure that develops seeds inside protective maternal tissues called ovaries.

Answer 23

Anigosprems

Question 24

bryophytes, this primitve group includes.

Answer 24

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Question 25

What are the two key adaptations for living on land in bryophytes?

Answer 25

- A waxy protective surface layer helps prevent dehydration | - embryos develop within the mothers gametangium, which kepps them protected

Question 26

What are the two distant parts of a moss.

Answer 26

gametophytes | sporophyte

Question 27

A________ produces gametes

Answer 27

Gametophytes

Question 28

a_______ produces spores

Answer 28

Sporophyte

Question 29

The life cycle of moss shows that chromosome number change at fertilization this is referred to as ___________.

Answer 29

Alternation of generations

Question 30

In mosses, the main part of the plant is the _____________.

Answer 30

Haploid gametophye

Question 31

Fern and club mosses use _____ to reproduce

Answer 31

Spores

Question 32

Ferns are though to be dominant during the _________, about 290 -360 million years ago, prevalent in swampy forests.

Answer 32

Carboniferous period

Question 33

There forest formed what would become ________.

Answer 33

fossil fuel

Question 34

As the climate cooled, _______ were the first seed plants to have evolved

Answer 34

Gymnosperms

Question 35

Gymnosperms where better suited for __________.

Answer 35

Drier, colder climates

Question 36

_______ replaced ferns over much of northern Eurasia and North america

Answer 36

Conifers (pine trees which are gymnosperms)

Question 37

Conifers are usually ______, which retain their leaves throughout the year

Answer 37

evergreen

Question 38

Conifers and most other gymnosperms have three terrestrial adaptations which are

Answer 38

- the gametophyte is reduced in size and its influence on the overall life cycle - the evolution of pollen to fertilize an ovule (plant egg) - the evolution of the seed, which can now make dispersal and the growth of the new organism more efficient

Question 39

Gametophyte is reduced among more recent derived plants, and ________ generation in dominant.

Answer 39

Sporophyte

Question 40

The second terrestrial adaptation of seed plants is the evolution of ________.

Answer 40

Pollen

Question 41

The pollen gain

Answer 41

- is the much-reduced male gametophyte | - fertilizes the female gametophyte

Question 42

The entire pine tree is actually a ______ containing tiny _______ living in cones

Answer 42

Sporophyte | gametophyte

Question 43

Pollen ( _________)

Answer 43

Male gametophyte

Question 44

The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the _______.

Answer 44

seed

Question 45

A seed is a fully formed plant _____ with a nutrient starter pack, surrounded by a ___________.

Answer 45

embryo | protective barrier

Question 46

__________ are the most successful and diverse type of plant.

Answer 46

Anigosprems

Question 47

Anigosprems have more success because of the more efficient ________ and the innovation of the _______.

Answer 47

water transport | flower

Question 48

The flower attracts _______.

Answer 48

specific pollinators

Question 49

Anigosperms dominate the plant kingdom in _______.

Answer 49

diversity

Question 50

Like, gymnosperms, the dominant stage of the angiosprems in the ___________(2n), and the male ________(n) are pollen

Answer 50

Sporophyte | gametophytes

Question 51

however, the female gametophyte is protected inside ovaries of the _____________.

Answer 51

sporophyte flower

Question 52

The ovary develops in the _______, which is high in nutrients (contains lots of sugar)

Answer 52

Fruit

Question 53

Organisms may eat the fruit to obtain nutrients, and in turns __________________.

Answer 53

disperse seeds without knowing it

Question 54

Life cycle of a flowering plant.

Answer 54

.mature sporophyte (2n) plant - Pollen grains are transferred from another of stamen, to the stigma of the carpel - Pollen contains 2 sperm nulei, and one of these nuclei fertilize the ovule in an ovary - This produces a zygote (2n) - The zygote develops into an embryo, and the other sprem nuclei fuses to form endosperm (a nutrient stroing structure the embryo) - The fertilized ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into a fruit - Once dispersed, the seed grows into a new flowering plant

Question 55

A fruit is a _________ that provides a plant with additional benefits

Answer 55

Seed-bearing ovary

Question 56

Some fruits use ___________.

Answer 56

wind for dispersal

Question 57

Other fruits attach to ____________.

Answer 57

fur on animals

Question 58

_______ are at the base of most food chains because they decompose and recycle organic materials.

Answer 58

Fungi

Question 59

Fungi have enzymes which break up _______.

Answer 59

Cellulose

Question 60

Fungi are _________

Answer 60

Heterotrophic eukaryotes

Question 61

most fungi are___________

Answer 61

multicellular but some species are unicellular

Question 62

The greater the __________, the more efficient they can recycle materials leading to greater productivity

Answer 62

Fungi diversity

Question 63

Fungi are diverse and categorized into __________.

Answer 63

5 different groups

Question 64

________: flagellated spores

Answer 64

Chytrids

Question 65

________: characteristic protective zygosporangium for reproduction

Answer 65

Zygomycetes

Question 66

____________: forms mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationship with plants)

Answer 66

Glomeromycetes

Question 67

____________: sac fungi, with asci housing reproductive spores

Answer 67

Ascomycetes

Question 68

___________: club fungi, with spores in a protective structure called basidium.

Answer 68

Basidiomycota

Question 69

The visible structures of macroscopic fungi called _______.

Answer 69

hyphae

Question 70

Septate have cells separated by chitin (polysaccarides) barriers called _______.

Answer 70

sapta

Question 71

_________ are tube like without septa

Answer 71

Aseptate hyphae

Question 72

Hyphae can form an interwoven mat called _______, which is the feeding structure of fungus.

Answer 72

Mycelium

Question 73

Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either _____________.

Answer 73

Sexually or asexually

Question 74

Fungi and bacteria are the _____________ in ecosystem.

Answer 74

Principal decomposers

Question 75

Fungi are commercially important 2 items.

Answer 75

- yeastes are used in baking and to make beer and wine. | - molds are used in cheese productions

Question 76

Some fungi produce antibiotics as a means of self defense. Penecillium is on example of a fungus which produces the antibiotic __________.

Answer 76

penicillin

Question 77

Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about ___ make their living as parasites, primarily feeding on plants

Answer 77

30%

Question 78

About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals. _________ one common yeast infection among aids patients.

Answer 78

Candia albicans

Question 79

_______ consist of algae or cyanobacteria within a mass of fungal hyphae.

Answer 79

Lichens

Question 80

Many lichen associations are _________.

Answer 80

Mutualistic

Question 81

The fungus recieves food from its _____________.

Answer 81

Photosynthetic partner

Question 82

The fungal mycelium helps the alga absorb and retain _______and_______.

Answer 82

water | minerals